Changes

Focardi and Rossi spread their claims through their own "online newspaper" "Journal of Nuclear Physics", basically an Internet blog and the Italian newspaper "Il Cimento". "Journal of Nuclear Physics" was the title of a Russian professional journal, which has been discontinued. The involved company EON srl has not published any information. Physicist Focardi disclosed on inquiry, that the newspaper "Journal of Nuclear Physics" was founded since the attempt to publish in an accredited journal had failed.

Focardi and Rossi spread their claims through their own "online newspaper" "Journal of Nuclear Physics", basically an Internet blog and the Italian newspaper "Il Cimento". "Journal of Nuclear Physics" was the title of a Russian professional journal, which has been discontinued. The involved company EON srl has not published any information. Physicist Focardi disclosed on inquiry, that the newspaper "Journal of Nuclear Physics" was founded since the attempt to publish in an accredited journal had failed.

According to available and partly contradicting information from the inventors Focardi and Rossi the small reactor makes exothermal fusion possible. They claim that that they were able to "produce" 130 kW thermal energy in an extreme case and needed just 80 to 1250 Watt to "heat up" and for the operation of the electronic controller.

According to available and partly contradicting information from the inventors Focardi and Rossi the small reactor makes exothermal fusion possible. They claim that that they were able to "produce" 130 kW thermal energy in an extreme case and needed just 80 to 1.250 Watt to "heat up" and for the operation of the electronic controller.

The process was unfolded only in part, even though a patent application was filed (not approved currently), involves that nickel and hydrogen are transformed to copper which creates heat and ionizing radiation. In the patent application is more precise and states that the stable nickel isotope 62Ni28 (which makes about 3,6% of normal nickel) reacts with hydrogen and is transformed into the stable copper isotope 62Cu29. The copper that is created through this process is said to consist of two stable copper isotopes with an isotope proportion that is different from natural copper.<ref>According to S.&nbsp;Focardi in an E-Mail: ''[...] mostra l'esistenza di Cu (non presente inizialmente) i cui due isotopi stabili sono in un rapporto diverso da quello naturale [...]''</ref> Such a fusion would need very high temperatures and strong gamma radiation from the destruction of positrons and electrons would be emitted.<ref>According to Prof. Jonghwa Chang, Chief Research Advisor of the "Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute", answer to an inquiry by an Italian chemist. see: [http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/]</ref>  

The process was unfolded only in part, even though a patent application was filed (not approved currently), involves that nickel and hydrogen are transformed to copper which creates heat and ionizing radiation. In the patent application is more precise and states that the stable nickel isotope 62Ni28 (which makes about 3,6% of normal nickel) reacts with hydrogen and is transformed into the stable copper isotope 62Cu29. The copper that is created through this process is said to consist of two stable copper isotopes with an isotope proportion that is different from natural copper.<ref>According to S.&nbsp;Focardi in an E-Mail: ''[...] mostra l'esistenza di Cu (non presente inizialmente) i cui due isotopi stabili sono in un rapporto diverso da quello naturale [...]''</ref> Such a fusion would need very high temperatures and strong gamma radiation from the destruction of positrons and electrons would be emitted.<ref>According to Prof. Jonghwa Chang, Chief Research Advisor of the "Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute", answer to an inquiry by an Italian chemist. see: [http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/]</ref>  

Nickel rods are claimed to have been used at first, but in the last experiments nickel powder was used (particle sizes are said to be in the nm-range, in the patent application 10 µm are given). Rossi mentions the company "Gerli Metalli"<ref>Powder nickel: Gerli Metalli--Milan</ref> from Milan as supplier.Further catalysts in addition to those specified in the patent application are said to be used. Unconfirmed rumours in the Internet name [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney_nickel "Raney-Nickel"] since two fires in the laboratory of Rossi had "Raney-Nickel" as cause. It has been denied that nickel oxide, which reacts with hydrogen creating water and heat (NiO2 + H2 --> Ni + H20) is used.

Nickel rods are claimed to have been used at first, but in the last experiments nickel powder was used (particle sizes are said to be in the nm-range, in the patent application 10 µm are given). Rossi mentions the company "Gerli Metalli"<ref>Powder nickel: Gerli Metalli--Milan</ref> from Milan as supplier.Further catalysts in addition to those specified in the patent application are said to be used. Unconfirmed rumours in the Internet name [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney_nickel "Raney-Nickel"] since two fires in the laboratory of Rossi had "Raney-Nickel" as cause. It has been denied that nickel oxide, which reacts with hydrogen creating water and heat (NiO2&nbsp;+&nbsp;H2 -->&nbsp;Ni&nbsp;+&nbsp;H20) is used.

Through heating the reactor with electricity to 180-400&nbsp;Grad Celsius protons from hydrogen gas are said to enter the nickel atoms which leads to a nuclear reaction if the pressure on the gas is increased in periodical, pulsed, powerful step. Hydrogen is said to be used up and some helium is created.<ref>S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi. "''Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems''". Il Nuovo Cimento Vol. 111 A, N.11 pp. 1233, novembre 1998</ref> The used nickel rod is said to have tiny craters after a reaction. According to the patent application the electrical pre-heating of the the reactor is automatically turned off by a temperature control device when operating temperature is reached. Further electrical energy (20 to 80 W) is only necessary to supply the controlling electronic. Rumours in the Internet that cannot be confirmed believe that high voltage or magnetic fields of 360&nbsp;kV to overcome the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_barrier Coulomb barrier] might be in use. But use of such high voltage is not possible in such a small device due to spark generation.

Through heating the reactor with electricity to 180-400&nbsp;Grad Celsius protons from hydrogen gas are said to enter the nickel atoms which leads to a nuclear reaction if the pressure on the gas is increased in periodical, pulsed, powerful step. Hydrogen is said to be used up and some helium is created.<ref>S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi. "''Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems''". Il Nuovo Cimento Vol. 111 A, N.11 pp. 1233, novembre 1998</ref> The used nickel rod is said to have tiny craters after a reaction. According to the patent application the electrical pre-heating of the the reactor is automatically turned off by a temperature control device when operating temperature is reached. Further electrical energy (20 to 80 W) is only necessary to supply the controlling electronic. Rumours in the Internet that cannot be confirmed believe that high voltage or magnetic fields of 360&nbsp;kV to overcome the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_barrier Coulomb barrier] might be in use. But use of such high voltage is not possible in such a small device due to spark generation.

The inventors claim that the so called "fusion" also generates weak gamma and neutron radiation.<ref>Battaglia, L. Daddi, S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, P.G. Sona, S. Veronesi. "''Neutron emission in Ni-H Systems''". Nuovo Cimento 112A, pp. 921, 1999.</ref> Radiation is said to be β+-radiation with positrons (known from potassium 40-decay). They also claim that they don't know the functional principle. A response in their blog speculates about similarities between the Rossi Focardi Energy Amplifier and the [[Hydrino]] theorie of the american physician<!-- Arzt, Physiker ist nicht gemeint --> and electro engineer Randell Mills who claims to work with hydrogen and nickel too. Supporters of "cold fusion" theories often claim that so called [[Low Energy Nuclear Reactions]] (LENR) are happening. The term LENR is not used in professional journals and such fusion processes were not observed till now.

The inventors claim that the so called "fusion" also generates weak gamma and neutron radiation.<ref>Battaglia, L. Daddi, S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, P.G. Sona, S. Veronesi. "''Neutron emission in Ni-H Systems''". Nuovo Cimento 112A, pp. 921, 1999.</ref> Radiation is said to be β+-radiation with positrons (known from potassium&nbsp;40-decay). They also claim that they don't know the functional principle. A response in their blog speculates about similarities between the Rossi Focardi Energy Amplifier and the [[Hydrino]] theorie of the american physician<!-- Arzt, Physiker ist nicht gemeint --> and electro engineer Randell Mills who claims to work with hydrogen and nickel too. Supporters of "cold fusion" theories often claim that so called [[Low Energy Nuclear Reactions]] (LENR) are happening. The term LENR is not used in professional journals and such fusion processes were not observed till now.

Other guesses from the Internet believe that it is just a chemical reaction, which is unknown to the inventors and normally used to extract nickel from ore. The Sherritt-Gordon process"<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_extraction_techniques#Recovery_from_nickel-cobalt_sulfide_concentrates_.28Sherritt_process.29</ref> is accompanied by heat, but a normal chemical reaction. That copper can be detected after the reaction can be explained since Nickel is usually impure and usually contains some copper.

Other guesses from the Internet believe that it is just a chemical reaction, which is unknown to the inventors and normally used to extract nickel from ore. The Sherritt-Gordon process"<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_extraction_techniques#Recovery_from_nickel-cobalt_sulfide_concentrates_.28Sherritt_process.29</ref> is accompanied by heat, but a normal chemical reaction. That copper can be detected after the reaction can be explained since Nickel is usually impure and usually contains some copper.

A "kW-module" allegedly runs in a "Leonardo facility" in New Hampshire (USA) since 2008, where Rossi is currently employed.

A "kW-module" allegedly runs in a "Leonardo facility" in New Hampshire (USA) since 2008, where Rossi is currently employed.

==History==

==History==

In 1989 cold fusion received wide media attention due to the claims of Fleischmann and Pons and their failed experiments. In the same year the Italian biophysicist Francesco Piantelli(University Siena) believes to have incidentally observed strong heat emission with temperatures above  1450°&nbsp;C during an experiment with organic material which came into contact with nickel and hydrogen, which he could not explain. The incident was topic in several Italian daily papers. In 1995 Piantelli received a "Truffle Prize" for his observation during a "Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals".<ref>"Truffle Prize", second Asti Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals, 1995</ref>

In 1989 cold fusion received wide media attention due to the claims of Fleischmann and Pons and their failed experiments. In the same year the Italian biophysicist Francesco Piantelli(University Siena) believes to have incidentally observed strong heat emission with temperatures above  1.450°&nbsp;C during an experiment with organic material which came into contact with nickel and hydrogen, which he could not explain. The incident was topic in several Italian daily papers. In 1995 Piantelli received a "Truffle Prize" for his observation during a "Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals".<ref>"Truffle Prize", second Asti Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals, 1995</ref>

The physicist Sergie Focardi from the University of Bologna heard about that and teamed up with Piantelli to investigate the phenomenon. After a couple of years they had build a nickel hydrogen rector and announced in february 1994 in a press conference their reactor as a principle for "Reazioni Nucleari a Bassa Energia" (LENR, "Low Energy Nuclear Reactions"), carefully avoiding the term "cold fusion".<ref>Press conference on 20.&nbsp;February 1994, Aula magna, University Siena</ref> In the daily newspaper an article was published and as before, in 1989, no scientific paper was published. A thermical engine output of 40-50  Watt was claimed. A nickel rod which was surface treated and "degassed" was said to be enclosed with hydrogen in the reactor.

The physicist Sergie Focardi from the University of Bologna heard about that and teamed up with Piantelli to investigate the phenomenon. After a couple of years they had build a nickel hydrogen rector and announced in february 1994 in a press conference their reactor as a principle for "Reazioni Nucleari a Bassa Energia" (LENR, "Low Energy Nuclear Reactions"), carefully avoiding the term "cold fusion".<ref>Press conference on 20.&nbsp;February 1994, Aula magna, University Siena</ref> In the daily newspaper an article was published and as before, in 1989, no scientific paper was published. A thermical engine output of 40-50  Watt was claimed. A nickel rod which was surface treated and "degassed" was said to be enclosed with hydrogen in the reactor.

The observers were allowed to weigh the hydrogen gas container before and after the experiment (Weight: 18,6 Kg). Even considering possible errors in measurement (still attached duct tapes) the hydrogen usage was estimated at less than one gramm, not enough to make conventional hydrogen combustion plausible. Link to the report: [http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf] The estimation of the reactor output through the amount of evaporated water was criticized afterwards, calculations were made based on dry vapor without taking possible condensate water into account. The alleged water throughput of 292 ml/min was doubted, since the alleged supply pump has only about half the necessary flow rate.

The observers were allowed to weigh the hydrogen gas container before and after the experiment (Weight: 18,6 Kg). Even considering possible errors in measurement (still attached duct tapes) the hydrogen usage was estimated at less than one gramm, not enough to make conventional hydrogen combustion plausible. Link to the report: [http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf] The estimation of the reactor output through the amount of evaporated water was criticized afterwards, calculations were made based on dry vapor without taking possible condensate water into account. The alleged water throughput of 292 ml/min was doubted, since the alleged supply pump has only about half the necessary flow rate.

==Undocumented experiment on 10.2.2011==

==Undocumented experiment on February 10, 2011==

On February 10, 2011 a further "internal test", which was attended by the allegedly "independent" physics instructor Guiseppe Levi from the university of Bologna, was made with the "E-Cat" in Bologna. Several websites purport that the test was instead on February 18th, 2011. According to Guiseppe Levis description, which was published in a Swedish online article with the title ''"Cold Fusion: 18 hour test excludes combustion"''<ref>Mats Lewan: ''Cold Fusion: 18 hour test excludes combustion'', "nyteknik.se", Artikel vom 23.2.2011. [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3108242.ece Text]</ref>, the device was connected through a hose with a regular water tap to cool the "reactor". Tap water was said to flow through the device with about 1 liter per second and be heated by 5 degree. The test was run for 18 hours apiece, a water meter quantified the flow and was checked by video through the night. The "reactor" was allegedly heated up for 10 minutes with 1250 Watt and afterwards only the controlling device was supplied with 80 Watt. This would imply a constant thermal output of 15-20 Kilowatt. According to Levy 0,4 gramm hydrogen were used in those 18 hours. Levi is cited in the same source that he excludes "chemical energy" as heat source now:

On February&nbsp;10, 2011 a further "internal test", which was attended by the allegedly "independent" physics instructor Guiseppe Levi from the university of Bologna, was made with the "E-Cat" in Bologna. Several websites purport that the test was instead on February&nbsp;18, 2011. According to Guiseppe Levis description, which was published in a Swedish online article with the title ''"Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion"''<ref>Mats Lewan: ''Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion'', "nyteknik.se", article from February 23, 2011. [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3108242.ece Text]</ref>, the device was connected through a hose with a regular water tap to cool the "reactor". Tap water was said to flow through the device with about 1&nbsp;liter per second and be heated by 5&nbsp;degree. The test was run for 18&nbsp;hours apiece, a water meter quantified the flow and was checked by video through the night. The "reactor" was allegedly heated up for 10&nbsp;minutes with 1.250&nbsp;Watt and afterwards only the controlling device was supplied with 80&nbsp;Watt. This would imply a constant thermal output of 15-20 Kilowatt. According to Levy 0,4&nbsp;gramm hydrogen were used in those 18&nbsp;hours. Levi is cited in the same source that he excludes "chemical energy" as heat source now:

:''...Now that I have seen the device work for so many hours, in my view all chemical energy sources are excluded..''.  

:''...Now that I have seen the device work for so many hours, in my view all chemical energy sources are excluded..''.  

A claimed accumulated thermal energy output was calculated by supporters of "[[Cold Fusion]]" (LENR ''Low Energy Nuclear Reactions'' - CANR ''Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions'') as 270-288 kWh (about one GJ), which would correspond to about 26 liters heating oil.<ref>Zitat:<br>News<br>Rossi 18-hour demonstration

A claimed accumulated thermal energy output was calculated by supporters of "[[Cold Fusion]]" (LENR ''Low Energy Nuclear Reactions'' - CANR ''Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions'') as 270-288&nbsp;kWh (about one GJ), which would correspond to about 26&nbsp;liters heating oil.<ref>To cite:<br>News<br>Rossi 18-hour demonstration<br>

 

February 2011

February 2011<br>

 

On February 10 and 11, 2011, Levi et al. (U. Bologna) performed another test of the Rossi device. Compared to the January 14 test, they used a much higher flow rate, to keep the cooling water from vaporizing. This is partly to recover more heat, and partly because Celani and others criticized phase-change calorimetry as too complicated. There were concerns about the enthalpy of wet steam versus dry steam, and the use of a relative humidity meter to determine how dry the steam was. A source close to the test gave Jed Rothwell the following figures. These are approximations:

On February&nbsp;10 and&nbsp;11, 2011, Levi et&nbsp;al. (U.&nbsp;Bologna) performed another test of the Rossi device. Compared to the January&nbsp;14 test, they used a much higher flow rate, to keep the cooling water from vaporizing. This is partly to recover more heat, and partly because Celani and others criticized phase-change calorimetry as too complicated. There were concerns about the enthalpy of wet steam versus dry steam, and the use of a relative humidity meter to determine how dry the steam was. A source close to the test gave Jed Rothwell the following figures. These are approximations:<br>

 

Duration of test: 18 hours

Duration of test: 18&nbsp;hours<br>

Flow rate: 3,000 L/h = ~833 ml/s.

Flow rate: 3,000&nbsp;L/h = ~833&nbsp;ml/s.<br>

Cooling water input temperature: 15°C

Cooling water input temperature: 15°C<br>

Cooling water output temperature: ~20°C

Cooling water output temperature: ~20°C<br>

Input power from control electronics: variable, average 80 W, closer to 20 W for 6 hours

Input power from control electronics: variable, average 80&nbsp;W, closer to 20&nbsp;W for 6&nbsp;hours<br>

 

The temperature difference of 5°C * 833 ml = 4,165 calories/second = 17,493 W. Observers estimated average power as 16 kW. A 5°C temperature difference can easily be measured with confidence.

The temperature difference of 5°C * 833&nbsp;ml = 4,165&nbsp;calories/second = 17,493&nbsp;W. Observers estimated average power as 16&nbsp;kW. A 5°C temperature difference can easily be measured with confidence.<br>

 

3,000 L/h is 793 gallons/h, which is the output of a medium-sized $120 ornamental pond pump.

3,000&nbsp;L/h is 793&nbsp;gallons/h, which is the output of a medium-sized $120 ornamental pond pump.<br>

 

The control electronics input of ~80 W is in line with what was reported for tests before Jan. 14. Input power was high on that day because there was a problem with cracked welding, according to the Levi report.

The control electronics input of ~80&nbsp;W is in line with what was reported for tests before Jan.&nbsp;14. Input power was high on that day because there was a problem with cracked welding, according to the Levi report.<br>

 

18 hours * 16 kWh = 288 kWh = 1,037 MJ. That is the amount of energy in 26 kg of gasoline (7.9 gallons). Given the size and weight of the device, this rules out a chemical source of energy.

18&nbsp;hours * 16&nbsp;kWh = 288&nbsp;kWh = 1,037&nbsp;MJ. That is the amount of energy in 26&nbsp;kg of gasoline (7.9&nbsp;gallons). Given the size and weight of the device, this rules out a chemical source of energy.<br>

 

Levi et al. are expected to write another paper about this test. We will upload it when it becomes available. NyTeknik published a fascinating description of the latest experiment (in English). This includes new details, such as the fact that the power briefly peaked at 130 kW. NyTeknik also published an interview with two outside experts about the demonstration: Prof. Emeritus at Uppsala University Sven Kullander, chairman of the National Academy of Sciences Energy Committee, and Hanno Essén, associate professor of theoretical physics, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology. Two versions are available, in English and Swedish.<br>LENR-CANR Org. News von Februar 2011. [http://lenr-canr.org/News.htm]</ref> Assuming an average output of 17 kW (the electrical input energy for pre-heating and control can be neglected) over 18 hours gives actually about 300 kWh. The fuel value of 1 liter oil is about 10 kWh<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_oil</ref>, which gives a heating oil amount of 30 liters to produce the same thermal output.

Levi et&nbsp;al. are expected to write another paper about this test. We will upload it when it becomes available. NyTeknik published a fascinating description of the latest experiment (in English). This includes new details, such as the fact that the power briefly peaked at 130&nbsp;kW. NyTeknik also published an interview with two outside experts about the demonstration: Prof. Emeritus at Uppsala University Sven Kullander, chairman of the National Academy of Sciences Energy Committee, and Hanno Essén, associate professor of theoretical physics, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology. Two versions are available, in English and Swedish.<br>LENR-CANR Org. News of February 2011. [http://lenr-canr.org/News.htm]</ref> Assuming an average output of 17 kW (the electrical input energy for pre-heating and control can be neglected) over 18 hours gives actually about 300 kWh. The fuel value of 1 liter oil is about 10 kWh<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_oil</ref>, which gives a heating oil amount of 30 liters to produce the same thermal output.

For comparison, the heating value of common energy sources. Because of smoke, exhaust fumes and toxicity(beryllium) they are not feasible. The volume of the external control unit is said to be about 60 liter but contains according to Levi just electronics. The reaction chamber has about 1 liter volume and shielding is said to be 2 cm lead with a weight of 30 kg.

For comparison, the heating value of common energy sources. Because of smoke, exhaust fumes and toxicity(beryllium) they are not feasible. The volume of the external control unit is said to be about 60 liter but contains according to Levi just electronics. The reaction chamber has about 1 liter volume and shielding is said to be 2 cm lead with a weight of 30 kg.

*Beryllium – Verbrennung mit Sauerstoff: 125 MJ/l (very toxic)

*Beryllium – combustion with oxygen: 125&nbsp;MJ/l (very toxic)

*Bor: 138 MJ/l

*Bor: 1385&nbsp;MJ/l

*Aluminum 84 MJ/l (burns only in powder form, which implies has lesser heating value per volume)

*Aluminum 845&nbsp;MJ/l (burns only in powder form, which implies lesser heating value per volume)

*Graphit: 73 MJ/ll

*Graphit: 735&nbsp;MJ/ll

==Attempts to replicate the experiments==

==Attempts to replicate the experiments==

==Inventor Andrea Rossi==

==Inventor Andrea Rossi==

[[image:Rossi_CV.jpg|Rossi CV on his website (4.3.2011)|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_CV.jpg|Rossi CV on his website (March 4, 2011)|thumb]]

[[image:Kensington_university.jpg|Reimbursement-offer of the [[Diploma mill]] "Kensington University Inc." to its customers|left|thumb]]

[[image:Kensington_university.jpg|Reimbursement-offer of the [[Diploma mill]] "Kensington University Inc." to its customers|left|thumb]]

The "Rossi-Energy Amplifier" is not the first invention of Andrea Rossi. He had tried in the 1970s and 1980s to win hydrocarbons from waste to no avail. That led to several law suits and criminal cases with prison sentences against the "Sheik of Brianza" (''Sceicco della Brianza'', sheik because he claimed to win oil from industrial waste, Brianza is an area north of Milan). The law suits were als known as "Petroldragon-affair" after Rossis company "Petroldragon". Rossi was convicted for trading and disposing large amounts of toxic waste no according to regulations. According to Rossi an ecological conversion technology was suppressed. He was also accused of tax fraud. He migrated to USA afterwards. Current company shares (EON&nbsp;srl) are handled by his wife Maddalena Pascucci.

The "Rossi-Energy Amplifier" is not the first invention of Andrea Rossi. He had tried in the 1970s and 1980s to win hydrocarbons from waste to no avail. That led to several law suits and criminal cases with prison sentences against the "Sheik of Brianza" (''Sceicco della Brianza'', sheik because he claimed to win oil from industrial waste, Brianza is an area north of Milan). The law suits were als known as "Petroldragon-affair" after Rossis company "Petroldragon". Rossi was convicted for trading and disposing large amounts of toxic waste no according to regulations. According to Rossi an ecological conversion technology was suppressed. He was also accused of tax fraud. He migrated to USA afterwards. Current company shares (EON&nbsp;srl) are handled by his wife Maddalena Pascucci.

In a Curriculum Vitae containing his work history which is available on his website<ref>http://ingandrearossi.com/gli-inizi/</ref> (see picture on the right from March 4, 2011) Rossi states that he graduated in Philosophy at the University of Milan and names as a second "Laurea" title (common term for a doctors degree at an Italian University) in "Ingegneria Chimca" (chemical engineering) at a californian "Kensington University Inc.". This company was officially registered in Hawaii, but operated from Glendale in California<ref>Kensington University, 520 E Broadway Suite 400, Glendale, CA 91205 </ref> and was a well known [[Diploma mill]] till it was shut down by the law.<ref>Artikel aus der "LA-Times": ''Kensington University Faces Closure Hearing''. April 23, 1996 | JOHN CHANDLER, TIMES STAFF WRITER.<br>Kensington University has no classrooms, laboratories or dorms. Its students don't play football, join fraternities or linger dreamily on a quadrangle. In fact, the entire campus is housed in a small Glendale office building. Recruiting from across the nation, the school runs a program in which students studying entirely at home can earn anything from a bachelor's degree to a doctorate--all without ever attending a single class or even meeting their instructors face to face.</ref><ref>http://www.osac.state.or.us/oda/unaccredited.aspx</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unaccredited_institutions_of_higher_education</ref> The company was sentenced to restitute all former customers (see picture to the left) after it had been reported by a consumer protection organisation.<ref>http://hawaii.gov/dcca/ocp/udgi/lawsuits/kensington/kensington_u_dj.pdf</ref>

In a Curriculum Vitae containing his work history which is available on his website<ref>http://ingandrearossi.com/gli-inizi/</ref> (see picture on the right from March 4, 2011) Rossi states that he graduated in Philosophy at the University of Milan and names as a second "Laurea" title (common term for a doctors degree at an Italian University) in "Ingegneria Chimca" (chemical engineering) at a californian "Kensington University Inc.". This company was officially registered in Hawaii, but operated from Glendale in California<ref>Kensington University, 520&nbsp;E Broadway Suite&nbsp;400, Glendale, CA&nbsp;91205 </ref> and was a well known [[Diploma mill]] till it was shut down by the law.<ref>Artikel aus der "LA-Times": ''Kensington University Faces Closure Hearing''. April 23, 1996 | JOHN CHANDLER, TIMES STAFF WRITER.<br>Kensington University has no classrooms, laboratories or dorms. Its students don't play football, join fraternities or linger dreamily on a quadrangle. In fact, the entire campus is housed in a small Glendale office building. Recruiting from across the nation, the school runs a program in which students studying entirely at home can earn anything from a bachelor's degree to a doctorate--all without ever attending a single class or even meeting their instructors face to face.</ref><ref>http://www.osac.state.or.us/oda/unaccredited.aspx</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unaccredited_institutions_of_higher_education</ref> The company was sentenced to restitute all former customers (see picture to the left) after it had been reported by a consumer protection organisation.<ref>http://hawaii.gov/dcca/ocp/udgi/lawsuits/kensington/kensington_u_dj.pdf</ref>

==EON&nbsp;srl, Leonardo Corporation and Defkalion Green Technologies==

==EON&nbsp;srl, Leonardo Corporation and Defkalion Green Technologies==

The company EON&nbsp;srl, which is often mentioned related to the topic, has locations in Bondeno<ref>Eon&nbsp;S.r.l., V.&nbsp;C.ragazzi&nbsp;18, I-44012&nbsp;Bondeno</ref> and in Rome<ref>EON&nbsp;Srl, Via Ottaviano&nbsp;66, Roma</ref>. In Bodeno an "E-cat" device is said to have heated the accommodations basically for free. Rossi also claims to have also heated the water at his private address with the E-cat.

The company EON&nbsp;srl(apparently owned by Rossi), which is often mentioned related to the topic, has locations in Bondeno<ref>Eon&nbsp;S.r.l., V.&nbsp;C.ragazzi&nbsp;18, I-44012&nbsp;Bondeno</ref> and in Rome<ref>EON&nbsp;Srl, Via Ottaviano&nbsp;66, Roma</ref>. In Bodeno an "E-cat" device is said to have heated the accommodations basically for free. Rossi also claims to have also heated the water at his private address with the E-cat.

The undisclosed non-Italian investors and the inventors plan to offer working reactors for industrial purposes in 2011. An official permission from 2006 is known which allows the Italian company EON&nbsp;srl to operate a biodiesel plant with an output of 1&nbsp;Megawatt (MW) in Bodena. According to the inventors it is planned to build a plant with 120 combined energy amplifier reactors which should produce the same amount of energy, 1000&nbsp;kW (1&nbsp;MW), in Greek or USA. Construction should be completed in October 2011, ordering party is a Greek company "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A.".

The undisclosed non-Italian investors and the inventors plan to offer working reactors for industrial purposes in 2011. An official permission from 2006 is known which allows the Italian company EON&nbsp;srl to operate a biodiesel plant with an output of 1&nbsp;Megawatt (MW) in Bodena. According to the inventors it is planned to build a plant with 120 combined energy amplifier reactors which should produce the same amount of energy, 1000&nbsp;kW (1&nbsp;MW), in Greek or USA. Construction should be completed in October 2011, ordering party is a Greek company "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A.".

Whereas the Leonardo Corp. will handle business in USA, it is apparently planned that Defkalion will have the sales rights for the rest of the world, but at least Europe.

Whereas the Leonardo Corp. will handle business in USA, it is apparently planned that Defkalion will have the sales rights for the rest of the world, but at least Europe.

==Patents and patent applications==

==Patents and patent applications==

[[image:Rossi_Focardi_Patent.jpg|thumb|Drawing from patent application WO 2009/125444 von Rossi]]

[[image:Rossi_Focardi_Patent.jpg|thumb|Drawing from patent application WO&nbsp;2009/125444 von Rossi]]

Rossi has applied for a patent for the method.<ref>WO 2009/125444 A1: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. Date: 15.10.2009</ref><ref>EP 02259998 A1: VERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR DURCHFÜHRUNG VON EXOTHERMEN REAKTIONEN ZWISCHEN NICKEL UND WASSERSTOFF. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. Date: 15.12.2010</ref> The European Patent Office as an International Searching Authority of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) had denied the application. It criticized that the invention is not presented in comprehensive terms and that it is not evident that energy should be created through the described reaction of nickel and hydrogen. To cite from the report:

Rossi has applied for a patent for the method.<ref>WO 2009/125444 A1: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. Date: 15.10.2009</ref><ref>EP 02259998 A1: VERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR DURCHFÜHRUNG VON EXOTHERMEN REAKTIONEN ZWISCHEN NICKEL UND WASSERSTOFF. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. Date: 15.12.2010</ref> The European Patent Office as an International Searching Authority of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) had denied the application. It criticized that the invention is not presented in comprehensive terms and that it is not evident that energy should be created through the described reaction of nickel and hydrogen. To cite from the report:

:''As the invention seems, at least at first, to offend against the generally accepted laws of physics and established theories, the disclosure should be detailed enough to prove to a skilled person conversant with mainstream science and technology that the invention is indeed feasible.'' [...] ''In the present case, the invention does not provide experimental evidence (nor any firm theoretical basis) which would enable the skilled person to assess the viability of the invention. The description is essentially based on general statement and speculations which are not apt to provide a clear and exhaustive technical teaching.''<ref>http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wads.jsp?IA=IT2008000532&LANGUAGE=EN&ID=id00000011868762&VOL=100&DOC=075642&WO=09/125444&WEEK=NA&TYPE=NA&DOC_TYPE=WOSA&TOK=Q309-A-eI6srxLYw7s9qWfbp73Y&PAGE=1</ref>

:''As the invention seems, at least at first, to offend against the generally accepted laws of physics and established theories, the disclosure should be detailed enough to prove to a skilled person conversant with mainstream science and technology that the invention is indeed feasible.'' [...] ''In the present case, the invention does not provide experimental evidence (nor any firm theoretical basis) which would enable the skilled person to assess the viability of the invention. The description is essentially based on general statement and speculations which are not apt to provide a clear and exhaustive technical teaching.''<ref>http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wads.jsp?IA=IT2008000532&LANGUAGE=EN&ID=id00000011868762&VOL=100&DOC=075642&WO=09/125444&WEEK=NA&TYPE=NA&DOC_TYPE=WOSA&TOK=Q309-A-eI6srxLYw7s9qWfbp73Y&PAGE=1</ref>