Changes

:''...Now that I have seen the device work for so many hours, in my view all chemical energy sources are excluded..''.  

:''...Now that I have seen the device work for so many hours, in my view all chemical energy sources are excluded..''.  

A claimed accumulated thermal energy output was calculated by supporters of "[[Cold Fusion]]" (LENR ''Low Energy Nuclear Reactions'' - CANR ''Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions'') as 270-288 kWh (about one GJ), which would correspond to about 26 liters heating oil.<ref>Zitat:<br>News

A claimed accumulated thermal energy output was calculated by supporters of "[[Cold Fusion]]" (LENR ''Low Energy Nuclear Reactions'' - CANR ''Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions'') as 270-288 kWh (about one GJ), which would correspond to about 26 liters heating oil.<ref>Zitat:<br>News<br>Rossi 18-hour demonstration

Rossi 18-hour demonstration

February 2011

February 2011

Levi et al. are expected to write another paper about this test. We will upload it when it becomes available. NyTeknik published a fascinating description of the latest experiment (in English). This includes new details, such as the fact that the power briefly peaked at 130 kW. NyTeknik also published an interview with two outside experts about the demonstration: Prof. Emeritus at Uppsala University Sven Kullander, chairman of the National Academy of Sciences Energy Committee, and Hanno Essén, associate professor of theoretical physics, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology. Two versions are available, in English and Swedish.<br>LENR-CANR Org. News von Februar 2011. [http://lenr-canr.org/News.htm]</ref> Assuming an average output of 17 kW (the electrical input energy for pre-heating and control can be neglected) over 18 hours gives actually about 300 kWh. The fuel value of 1 liter oil is about 10 kWh<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_oil</ref>, which gives a heating oil amount of 30 liters to produce the same thermal output.

Levi et al. are expected to write another paper about this test. We will upload it when it becomes available. NyTeknik published a fascinating description of the latest experiment (in English). This includes new details, such as the fact that the power briefly peaked at 130 kW. NyTeknik also published an interview with two outside experts about the demonstration: Prof. Emeritus at Uppsala University Sven Kullander, chairman of the National Academy of Sciences Energy Committee, and Hanno Essén, associate professor of theoretical physics, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology. Two versions are available, in English and Swedish.<br>LENR-CANR Org. News von Februar 2011. [http://lenr-canr.org/News.htm]</ref> Assuming an average output of 17 kW (the electrical input energy for pre-heating and control can be neglected) over 18 hours gives actually about 300 kWh. The fuel value of 1 liter oil is about 10 kWh<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_oil</ref>, which gives a heating oil amount of 30 liters to produce the same thermal output.

For comparison, the heating value of common energy sources. Because of smoke, exhaust fumes and toxicity(beryllium) they are not feasible. The volume of the external control unit is said to be about 60 liter but contains according to Rossi only electronic. The reaction chamber has about 1 liter volume and the shielding which is said to be 2 cm lead with a weight of 30 kg.

For comparison, the heating value of common energy sources. Because of smoke, exhaust fumes and toxicity(beryllium) they are not feasible. The volume of the external control unit is said to be about 60 liter but contains according to Levi just electronics. The reaction chamber has about 1 liter volume and shielding is said to be 2 cm lead with a weight of 30 kg.

*Beryllium – Verbrennung mit Sauerstoff: 125 MJ/l (very toxic)

*Beryllium – Verbrennung mit Sauerstoff: 125 MJ/l (very toxic)

==Attempts to replicate the experiments==

==Attempts to replicate the experiments==

A group led by Antonino Zichichi tried 1996 without success to repeat the experiment at CERN in Geneva. They mentioned an observable increase in temperature, but that did not correspond to an increase in heat production:

1996 versuchte ein Gruppe unter Antonino Zichichi ein Jahr lang am Genfer CERN das Experiment zu wiederholen, blieb aber erfolglos. Die Autoren sprechen zwar von beobachteten Temperaturerhöhungen, die jedoch keiner Energiefreisetzung entsprechen würden:

:''The authors state, "We have found the [Piantelli-Focardi group’s] results to be consistent with our observations; namely we measured higher temperatures for the same input power when hydrogen is absorbed during a heating cycle. Nevertheless this temperature rise does not appear to correspond to an increase in heat production. We have added a temperature sensor to the container of the experiment. The temperature of the container follows the same temperature with input power curve irrespective of whether there is an anomalous absorption of hydrogen or not; therefore we have no evidence that this temperature increase corresponds to another source of heat. In conclusion, we have observed all the effects discovered by Focardi et&nbsp;al., but our results imply that there is no production of power associated with the absorption of hydrogen by nickel."''<ref>Cerron-Zeballos, E., Crotty, I., Hatzifotiadou, D., Lamas Valverde, J., Williams, M.C.S., and Zichichi, A., "''[http://www.newenergytimes.com/Library/1996Cerron-InvestigationOfAnomalous.pdf Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems]''". Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 109A, p. 1645-1654, (1996).</ref>

:''The authors state, "We have found the [Piantelli-Focardi group’s] results to be consistent with our observations; namely we measured higher temperatures for the same input power when hydrogen is absorbed during a heating cycle. Nevertheless this temperature rise does not appear to correspond to an increase in heat production. We have added a temperature sensor to the container of the experiment. The temperature of the container follows the same temperature with input power curve irrespective of whether there is an anomalous absorption of hydrogen or not; therefore we have no evidence that this temperature increase corresponds to another source of heat. In conclusion, we have observed all the effects discovered by Focardi et&nbsp;al., but our results imply that there is no production of power associated with the absorption of hydrogen by nickel."''<ref>Cerron-Zeballos, E., Crotty, I., Hatzifotiadou, D., Lamas Valverde, J., Williams, M.C.S., and Zichichi, A., "''[http://www.newenergytimes.com/Library/1996Cerron-InvestigationOfAnomalous.pdf Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems]''". Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 109A, p. 1645-1654, (1996).</ref>

1998/1999 kam es zu einem weiteren Replikationsversuch in Pavia (Italien) durch die Forscher Luigi Nosenzo und Luigi Cattaneo. Wieder konnte über mehrere Monate hinweg keine Fusionsreaktion oder Energiefreisetzung beobachtet werden.<ref>Adalberto Piazzoli. "[http://www.cicap.org/new/articolo.php?id=273588 ''Fusione Fredda? Una ricerca italiana'']". CICAP - Scienza & Paranormale N. 78 (Mai 2008)</ref>

In 1998/1999 a further try to replicate the tests was made by the scientists Luigi Nosenzo and Luigi Cattaneo in Pavia (Italy).Over the course of several months no fusion reaction or energy production could be observed.<ref>Adalberto Piazzoli. "[http://www.cicap.org/new/articolo.php?id=273588 ''Fusione Fredda? Una ricerca italiana'']". CICAP - Scienza & Paranormale N. 78 (Mai 2008)</ref>

 

==Inventor Andrea Rossi==

==Inventor Andrea Rossi==

[[image:Rossi_CV.jpg|Rossi CV on his website (4.3.2011)|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_CV.jpg|Rossi CV on his website (4.3.2011)|thumb]]

[[image:Kensington_university.jpg|Reimbursement-offer of the [[Diploma mill]] "Kensington University Inc." to its customers|left|thumb]]

[[image:Kensington_university.jpg|Reimbursement-offer of the [[Diploma mill]] "Kensington University Inc." to its customers|left|thumb]]

In seinem im Internet einsehbaren Curriculum Vitae zum beruflichen Werdegang<ref>http://ingandrearossi.com/gli-inizi/</ref> (siehe Abbildung rechts vom 4.3.2011) gibt Rossi an, in Mailand Philosophie studiert zu haben. Er nennt als zweiten Studienabschluss auch eine "Laurea" (übliche Bezeichnung für einen Studienabschluß an einer italienischen Universität mit obligatorischem Dr.-Titel) im Fach "Ingegneria Chimca" ("Chemie-Ingenieur") an einer kalifornischen "Kensington University Inc". Diese Firma war offiziell in Hawaii registriert, operierte jedoch vom kalifornischen Glendale aus<ref>Kensington University, 520 E Broadway Suite 400, Glendale, CA 91205 </ref> und war bis zu ihrer gerichtlich angeordneten Schließung im Oktober 2003 als [[Titelmühle]] bekannt<ref>Artikel aus der "LA-Times": ''Kensington University Faces Closure Hearing''. April 23, 1996 | JOHN CHANDLER, TIMES STAFF WRITER.<br>Kensington University has no classrooms, laboratories or dorms. Its students don't play football, join fraternities or linger dreamily on a quadrangle. In fact, the entire campus is housed in a small Glendale office building. Recruiting from across the nation, the school runs a program in which students studying entirely at home can earn anything from a bachelor's degree to a doctorate--all without ever attending a single class or even meeting their instructors face to face.</ref><ref>http://www.osac.state.or.us/oda/unaccredited.aspx</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unaccredited_institutions_of_higher_education</ref>. Im Urteil wurde der Firma auferlegt ehemaligen Kunden ihre Kosten zu erstatten (siehe Bild links). Die Firma war zuvor von einer Verbraucherschutzorganisation angezeigt worden.<ref>http://hawaii.gov/dcca/ocp/udgi/lawsuits/kensington/kensington_u_dj.pdf</ref>

 

In a Curriculum Vitae containing his work history which is available on his website<ref>http://ingandrearossi.com/gli-inizi/</ref> (see picture on the right from March 4, 2011) Rossi states that he graduated in Philosophy at the University of Milan and names as a second "Laurea" title (common term for a doctors degree at an Italian University) in "Ingegneria Chimca" (chemical engineering) at a californian "Kensington University Inc.". This company was officially registered in Hawaii, but operated from Glendale in California<ref>Kensington University, 520 E Broadway Suite 400, Glendale, CA 91205 </ref> and was a well known [[Diploma mill]] till it was shut down by the law.<ref>Artikel aus der "LA-Times": ''Kensington University Faces Closure Hearing''. April 23, 1996 | JOHN CHANDLER, TIMES STAFF WRITER.<br>Kensington University has no classrooms, laboratories or dorms. Its students don't play football, join fraternities or linger dreamily on a quadrangle. In fact, the entire campus is housed in a small Glendale office building. Recruiting from across the nation, the school runs a program in which students studying entirely at home can earn anything from a bachelor's degree to a doctorate--all without ever attending a single class or even meeting their instructors face to face.</ref><ref>http://www.osac.state.or.us/oda/unaccredited.aspx</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unaccredited_institutions_of_higher_education</ref> The company was sentenced to restitute all former customers (see picture to the left) after it had been reported by a consumer protection organisation.<ref>http://hawaii.gov/dcca/ocp/udgi/lawsuits/kensington/kensington_u_dj.pdf</ref>

 

==EON&nbsp;srl, Leonardo Corporation and Defkalion Green Technologies==

==EON&nbsp;srl, Leonardo Corporation and Defkalion Green Technologies==

The company EON&nbsp;srl, which is often mentioned related to the topic, has locations in Bondeno<ref>Eon&nbsp;S.r.l., V.&nbsp;C.ragazzi&nbsp;18, I-44012&nbsp;Bondeno</ref> and in Rome<ref>EON&nbsp;Srl, Via Ottaviano&nbsp;66, Roma</ref>. In Bodeno an "E-cat" device is said to have heated the accommodations basically for free. Rossi also claims to have also heated the water at his private address with the E-cat.

Die im Zusammenhang zum Thema immer wieder genannte italienische Firma EON&nbsp;srl ist sowohl in der Ortschaft Bondeno<ref>Eon&nbsp;S.r.l., V.&nbsp;C.ragazzi&nbsp;18, I-44012&nbsp;Bondeno</ref>, als auch in Rom<ref>EON&nbsp;Srl, Via Ottaviano&nbsp;66, Roma</ref> angemeldet. Am Standort Bondeno soll ein "E-cat" über lange Zeit Räumlichkeiten quasi zum Nulltarif geheizt haben. Rossi behauptete auch an seiner Privatanschrift das Warmwasser per E-cat zu erzeugen.

Im Laufe des Jahres 2011 wollen die beteiligten nicht-italienischen ungenannten Investoren und die Erfinder gebrauchsfertige Reaktoren für industrielle Anwendungen anbieten. Aus dem Jahr 2006 ist eine behördliche Erlaubnis bekannt, die der italienischen EON&nbsp;srl erlaubt, ein mit Biodiesel betriebenes Kleinkraftwerk mit einer elektrischen Leistung bis 1&nbsp;Megawatt (MW) in der Ortschaft Bondeno zu betreiben. Nach Angaben der Erfinder werde auch derzeit daran gearbeitet, mit Hilfe von 120 zusammengeschalteten Energiekatalysator-Reaktoren ein Kleinkraftwerk der gleichen Leistung von 1000&nbsp;kW (1&nbsp;MW) in Griechenland oder den USA zu bauen, das bis Oktober 2011 fertig sein soll. Als Hersteller wird dazu die griechische "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A." genannt.

The undisclosed non-Italian investors and the inventors plan to offer working reactors for industrial purposes in 2011. An official permission from 2006 is known which allows the Italian company EON&nbsp;srl to operate a biodiesel plant with an output of 1&nbsp;Megawatt (MW) in Bodena. According to the inventors it is planned to build a plant with 120 combined energy amplifier reactors which should produce the same amount of energy, 1000&nbsp;kW (1&nbsp;MW), in Greek or USA. Construction should be completed in October 2011, ordering party is a Greek company "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A.".

In den USA existiert in Bedford, New Hampshire, eine ''Leonardo Corporation''<ref>Leonardo Corporation, 116 South River Road, Bedford, N.H. 03110 - USA. Webseite: http://leonardocorp1996.com</ref> bei der Rossi beschäftigt sein soll. Die Emailadresse der Firma ist identisch mit der EON srl in Italien. Diese Firma soll wie die griechische Defkalion die späteren "Reaktoren" herstellen. Aktuell bietet sie Kraftwerke auf herkömmlicher Biodiesel-Basis an (mit Turbolader und Zwischenkühlung). Die Firma behauptet einen sehr hohen Wirkungsgrad dank einer patentierten "EON Technik", bei der die anfallende Verlustwärme zurückgewonnen werde.

A ''Leonardo Corporation''<ref>Leonardo Corporation, 116 South River Road, Bedford, N.H. 03110 - USA. Webseite: http://leonardocorp1996.com</ref> is located in Bedford, New Hampshire where Rossi is employed. The email address of the company is identical with the email address of EON&nbsp;srl in Italy. This company and the Greek Defkalion are supposed to build the "reactors". Currently the Leonardo Corporation offers electric generators fueled by vegetable oils (turbo charged and intercooled). The company claims a high efficiency due to its patented "EON" technology, which recovers thermal loses.

In Athen existiert eine kleine Firma namens "Defkalion Energy" bzw. "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A."<ref>http://www.defkalion-energy.com/</ref> eines Symeon Tsalikoglou, die nach Angaben von Rossi einmal die Energiekatalysatoren herstellen soll. Während die Webseite der EON srl seit Monaten "under construction" ist, wird mittlerweile auf der Seite der Defkalion eine Kontaktadresse in Athen genannt.<ref>Defkalion Green Technologies S.A., Temporary Head Quarters - Mesogeion Avenue 2 - 4, Athens Tower, 18th Floor, GR-11527 Athens, Tel: +30 210 7770602, Fax: +30 210 7770608. Email: info@defkalion-energy.com</ref> Domainanmelder ist ein Andreas Meintanis aus GR-19200 Elefsina.

A small company in Athens named "Defkalion Energy" or "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A."<ref>http://www.defkalion-energy.com/</ref> of a Symeon Tsalikoglou will produce the energy catalysators according to Rossi. Whereas the website of EON&nbsp;srl is "under construction" for months now, the page of Defkalion offers now a contact address in Athens.<ref>Defkalion Green Technologies S.A., Temporary Head Quarters - Mesogeion Avenue 2 - 4, Athens Tower, 18th Floor, GR-11527 Athens, Tel: +30 210 7770602, Fax: +30 210 7770608. Email: info@defkalion-energy.com</ref> Domain owner is Andreas Meintanis from GR-19200 Elefsina.

 

Whereas the Leonardo Corp. will handle business in USA, it is apparently planned that Defkalion will have the sales rights for the rest of the world, but at least Europe.

==Patents and patent applications==

==Patents and patent applications==

[[image:Rossi_Focardi_Patent.jpg|thumb|Drawing from patent application WO 2009/125444 von Rossi]]

[[image:Rossi_Focardi_Patent.jpg|thumb|Drawing from patent application WO 2009/125444 von Rossi]]

Rossi has applied for a patent for the method.<ref>WO 2009/125444 A1: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. Date: 15.10.2009</ref><ref>EP 02259998 A1: VERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR DURCHFÜHRUNG VON EXOTHERMEN REAKTIONEN ZWISCHEN NICKEL UND WASSERSTOFF. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. Date: 15.12.2010</ref> The European Patent Office as an International Searching Authority of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) had denied the application. It criticized that the invention is not presented in comprehensive terms and that it is not evident that energy should be created through the described reaction of nickel and hydrogen. To cite from the report:

Zum Verfahren hat Rossi ein Patent angemeldet.<ref>WO 2009/125444 A1: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS. Anmelder: Pascucci, Maddalena. Erfinder: Rossi, Andrea. Veröffentlichungsdatum: 15.10.2009</ref><ref>EP 02259998 A1: VERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR DURCHFÜHRUNG VON EXOTHERMEN REAKTIONEN ZWISCHEN NICKEL UND WASSERSTOFF. Anmelder: Pascucci, Maddalena. Erfinder: Rossi, Andrea. EP-Offenlegungsdatum: 15.12.2010</ref> Vom Europäischen Patentamt, als einer der sog. International Searching Authorities der Weltorganisation für geistiges Eigentum (World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO), wurde die Patentschrift ablehnend beurteilt. Bemängelt wurde, dass die Erfindung nicht nachvollziehbar dargestellt sei und insbesondere nicht ersichtlich sei, dass durch die beschriebene Reaktion von Nickel mit Wasserstoff Energie erzeugt wird. Zitat aus dem ablehnenden Report:

:''As the invention seems, at least at first, to offend against the generally accepted laws of physics and established theories, the disclosure should be detailed enough to prove to a skilled person conversant with mainstream science and technology that the invention is indeed feasible.'' [...] ''In the present case, the invention does not provide experimental evidence (nor any firm theoretical basis) which would enable the skilled person to assess the viability of the invention. The description is essentially based on general statement and speculations which are not apt to provide a clear and exhaustive technical teaching.''<ref>http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wads.jsp?IA=IT2008000532&LANGUAGE=EN&ID=id00000011868762&VOL=100&DOC=075642&WO=09/125444&WEEK=NA&TYPE=NA&DOC_TYPE=WOSA&TOK=Q309-A-eI6srxLYw7s9qWfbp73Y&PAGE=1</ref>

:''As the invention seems, at least at first, to offend against the generally accepted laws of physics and established theories, the disclosure should be detailed enough to prove to a skilled person conversant with mainstream science and technology that the invention is indeed feasible.'' [...] ''In the present case, the invention does not provide experimental evidence (nor any firm theoretical basis) which would enable the skilled person to assess the viability of the invention. The description is essentially based on general statement and speculations which are not apt to provide a clear and exhaustive technical teaching.''<ref>http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wads.jsp?IA=IT2008000532&LANGUAGE=EN&ID=id00000011868762&VOL=100&DOC=075642&WO=09/125444&WEEK=NA&TYPE=NA&DOC_TYPE=WOSA&TOK=Q309-A-eI6srxLYw7s9qWfbp73Y&PAGE=1</ref>

 

==Literature==

==Literature==

*[http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf Giuseppe Levi: "Report on heat production during preliminary tests on the Rossi “Ni-H” reactor", Univ. Bologna, Jan. 2011] (auch: [http://www.territorioscuola.com/download/Levi-Bianchini-and-Villa-Reports.pdf])

*[http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf Giuseppe Levi: "Report on heat production during preliminary tests on the Rossi “Ni-H” reactor", Univ. Bologna, Jan. 2011] (auch: [http://www.territorioscuola.com/download/Levi-Bianchini-and-Villa-Reports.pdf])