Changes

The process was unfolded only in part, even though a patent application was filed (not approved currently), involves that nickel and hydrogen are transformed to copper which creates heat and ionizing radiation. In the patent application is more precise and states that the stable nickel isotope 62Ni28 (which makes about 3,6% of normal nickel) reacts with hydrogen and is transformed into the stable copper isotope 62Cu29. The copper that is created through this process is said to consist of two stable copper isotopes with an isotope proportion that is different from natural copper.<ref>According to S.&nbsp;Focardi in an E-Mail: ''[...] mostra l'esistenza di Cu (non presente inizialmente) i cui due isotopi stabili sono in un rapporto diverso da quello naturale [...]''</ref> Such a fusion would need very high temperatures and strong gamma radiation from the destruction of positrons and electrons would be emitted.<ref>According to Prof. Jonghwa Chang, Chief Research Advisor of the "Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute", answer to an inquiry by an Italian chemist. see: [http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/]</ref>  

The process was unfolded only in part, even though a patent application was filed (not approved currently), involves that nickel and hydrogen are transformed to copper which creates heat and ionizing radiation. In the patent application is more precise and states that the stable nickel isotope 62Ni28 (which makes about 3,6% of normal nickel) reacts with hydrogen and is transformed into the stable copper isotope 62Cu29. The copper that is created through this process is said to consist of two stable copper isotopes with an isotope proportion that is different from natural copper.<ref>According to S.&nbsp;Focardi in an E-Mail: ''[...] mostra l'esistenza di Cu (non presente inizialmente) i cui due isotopi stabili sono in un rapporto diverso da quello naturale [...]''</ref> Such a fusion would need very high temperatures and strong gamma radiation from the destruction of positrons and electrons would be emitted.<ref>According to Prof. Jonghwa Chang, Chief Research Advisor of the "Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute", answer to an inquiry by an Italian chemist. see: [http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/]</ref>  

Nickel rods are claimed to have been used at first, but in the last experiments nickel powder was used (particle sizes are said to be in the nm-range, in the patent application 10 µm are given). Rossi mentions the company "Gerli Metalli"<ref>Powder nickel: Gerli Metalli--Milan</ref> from Milan as supplier.Further catalysts in addition to those specified in the patent application are said to be used. Unconfirmed rumours in the Internet name [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney_nickel "Raney-Nickel"] since two fires in the laboratory of Rossi had "Raney-Nickel" as cause. It has been denied that nickel oxide, which reacts with hydrogen creating water and heat (NiO2 + H2 --> Ni + H20) is used.

Verwendet worden sein sollen anfänglich Nickelstäbe, und bei den letzten Versuchen Nickelpulver (die Rede ist von Partikelgrößen im nm-Bereich, in der Patenschrift werden jedoch 10 µm genannt). Als Lieferant des Nickel nannte Rossi die Mailänder Firma "Gerli Metalli"<ref>Powder nickel: Gerli Metalli--Milan</ref>. Zusätzlich sollen unbekannte, und auch in der Patentanmeldung nicht näher bezeichnete Katalysatoren zum Einsatz kommen. Nach nicht nachprüfbaren Gerüchten aus dem Internet könne es sich dabei um [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney-Nickel "Raney-Nickel"] handeln, denn zweimal war es in einem Labor von Rossi zu einem Brand gekommen, der auf "Raney-Nickel" zurück zu führen war. Nickeloxid, das mit Wasserstoff unter Wasserbildung und Wärme reagiert (NiO2 + H2 -xxx-> Ni + H20) soll hier nicht verwendet worden sein.

Durch Erhitzen mittels Zufuhr elektrischer Heizleistung würden bei 180-400&nbsp;Grad angeblich Protonen aus dem Wasserstoffgas in die Nickelatome gelangen, um zu einer Kernreaktion zu führen, wenn der Wasserstoffdruck regelmäßig impulsartig stark erhöht wird. Insgesamt solle sich ein Wasserstoffverbrauch einstellen und etwas Helium entstehen.<ref>S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi. "''Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems''". Il Nuovo Cimento Vol. 111 A, N.11 pp. 1233, novembre 1998</ref> Der Nickelstab solle außerdem nach Reaktion auf der Oberfläche kleine Krater aufweisen. Laut Patentschrift soll die elektrische Vorheizung über einen Thermostaten automatisch abgeschaltet werden, wenn eine bestimmte Betriebstemperatur erreicht wird. Weiter zugeführte elektrische Energie (20 bis 80 W) sei nur noch für die Versorgung der Steuerelektrronik notwenig. Nach im Internet kursierenden und nicht prüfbaren Gerüchten könnte auch eine Hochspannung oder ein Magnetfeld zur Anwendung kommen, die Rede ist von 360&nbsp;kV zur Überwindung des [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulombwall Coulombwalls]. Die Anwendung einer derartig hohen Spannung ist auf Grund einer Funkenbildung jedoch nicht innerhalb eines derart kleinen Apparates möglich.

Through heating the reactor with electricity to 180-400&nbsp;Grad Celsius protons from hydrogen gas are said to enter the nickel atoms which leads to a nuclear reaction if the pressure on the gas is increased in periodical, pulsed, powerful step. Hydrogen is said to be used up and some helium is created.<ref>S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi. "''Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems''". Il Nuovo Cimento Vol. 111 A, N.11 pp. 1233, novembre 1998</ref> The used nickel rod is said to have tiny craters after a reaction. According to the patent application the electrical pre-heating of the the reactor is automatically turned off by a temperature control device when operating temperature is reached. Further electrical energy (20 to 80 W) is only necessary to supply the controlling electronic. Rumours in the Internet that cannot be confirmed believe that high voltage or magnetic fields of 360&nbsp;kV to overcome the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb barrier Coulomb barrier] might be in use. But use of such high voltage is not possible in such a small device due to spark generation.

Die Erfinder behaupten, dass es unter der genannten "Fusion" auch zu einer schwachen Gamma- und/oder Neutronenstrahlung kommen soll.<ref>Battaglia, L. Daddi, S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, P.G. Sona, S. Veronesi. "''Neutron emission in Ni-H Systems''". Nuovo Cimento 112A, pp. 921, 1999.</ref> Bei der Strahlung soll es sich um eine β+-Korpuskularstrahlung mit Positronen handeln (bekannt vom Kalium 40-Zerfall). Sie geben auch an, das genaue Funktionsprinzip selbst nicht zu kennen. In ihrem Blog findet sich ein Beitrag, der den Focardi-Rossi-Energiekatalysator mit der [[Hydrino]]-Theorie des amerikanischen Arztes und Elektroingenieurs Randell Mills (geb. 1957) spekulativ in Verbindung bringt.<ref>[http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=338 E. Stremmenos: Hydrogen/Nickel cold fusion probable mechanism. Journal of nuclear physics, 12.12.2010]</ref> Mills soll ebenfalls mit Wasserstoff und Nickel arbeiten. Häufig wird von Anhängern der "kalten Fusion" behauptet in diesem Falle würden so genannte [[Low Energy Nuclear Reactions]] (LENR) ablaufen. Der LENR-Begriff ist jedoch in der Fachliteratur unbekannt, derartige Fusionsprozesse konnten bislang nicht nachgewiesen werden.

The inventors claim that the so called "fusion" also generates weak gamma and neutron radiation.<ref>Battaglia, L. Daddi, S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, P.G. Sona, S. Veronesi. "''Neutron emission in Ni-H Systems''". Nuovo Cimento 112A, pp. 921, 1999.</ref> Radiation is said to be β+-radiation with positrons (known from potassium 40-decay). They also claim that they don't know the functional principle. A response in their blog speculates about similarities between the Rossi Focardi Energy Amplifier and the [[Hydrino]] theorie of the american physician<!-- Arzt, Physiker ist nicht gemeint --> and electro engineer Randell Mills who claims to work with hydrogen and nickel too. Supporters of "cold fusion" theories often claim that so called [[Low Energy Nuclear Reactions]] (LENR) are happening. The term LENR is not used in professional journals and such fusion processes were not observed till now.

 

Other guesses from the Internet believe that it is just a chemical reaction, which is unknown to the inventors and normally used to extract nickel from ore. The Sherritt-Gordon process"<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_extraction_techniques#Recovery_from_nickel-cobalt_sulfide_concentrates_.28Sherritt_process.29</ref> is accompanied by heat, but a normal chemical reaction. That copper can be detected after the reaction can be explained since Nickel is usually impure and usually contains some copper.  

==Application and success claims==

==Application and success claims==

[[image:FAE1.jpg|Angaben der Erfinder zur Energieabgabe ihres Reaktors<ref>S. Focardi, A. Rossi: ''A new energy source from nuclear fusion.'', journal og nuclear physics. [http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/files/Rossi-Focardi_paper.pdf]</ref>|400px|thumb]]

[[image:FAE1.jpg|Angaben der Erfinder zur Energieabgabe ihres Reaktors<ref>S. Focardi, A. Rossi: ''A new energy source from nuclear fusion.'', journal og nuclear physics. [http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/files/Rossi-Focardi_paper.pdf]</ref>|400px|thumb]]