Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer

Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (Picture "La Repubblica"). A (yellow) dosimetric pump of the type "LMI P18" can be seen in the foreground (maximum flow: 12.1 l/h)

Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (Picture: TV channel "Rainews24")

Planned book of a John Michell: Rossi's eCcat - Free Energy, Free Money, Free People. (Xecnet Verlag)

The Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer (also E-Cat or Rossi Energy Amplifier) is an alleged compact fusion reactor planned to be brought to market in 2011. According to Italian inventors, alleged engineer(see below) Andrea Rossi and Professor emeritus in physics Sergio Focardi, cold fusion of hydrogen and nickel was taking place in the reactor, leading under emission of strong heat to the formation of copper. The demonstrations of Rossi in 2011 were criticized by various sources. Neither gamma nor neutron radiation could be measured and there is no proof for the creation of non-natural isotope ratios in the alleged fusion products. The respective experiments, which should have shown energy production through "cold fusion", had several methodological weaknesses and were riddled with contradicting statements. Independent tests, which might have proven a fusion process according to the said principle, failed so far. Specialist literature about the "Energy-Catalyzer" is not available(as of April 2011).

A Greek business newspaper announced in March 2011 that the concept is central to a speculative investment-deal of several hundred million Euro. Rossi had been in conflict with the law previously and had also offered thermoelectrical elements with wondrous efficiency, which showed just average properties when tested.

The actual inventor of the principle was Italian biophysicist Francesco Piantelli in 1989 who filed patent applications on it in 1995 and 2010. Rossi, who also attempts to have his invention patented, does not recognice that: "My process has nothing to do with the process of Piantelli. The proof is that I am making operating reactors, he is not." The patent expert of Piantelli claimed in May 2011 that Rossi had no chance to patent the functional principle since Piantelli already has a patent on it since 1995. Some aspects of the claimed functional principle are also similar to descriptions in a patent of the Japanese Yoshiaki Arata from July 2005 (see below). A remote similarity can also be found to the CETI Patterson Power Cell.

Purported functional principle

Power control and main switch

Andrea Rossi and the reactor (demonstration January 14, 2011, Source: Curiosity-Blog)

Heating power can be choosen in 9 steps: 0...9

several "Ecat" without shielding and isolation. Picture: Giuseppe Levi

Power control

Reaction chamber from outside, lead shielding and isolation removed. Below: Outer heating resistor (here: heating sleeve 300W), above: hydrogen intake, left and right: cooling water line. Image: Giuseppe Levi

Hydrogen pressure indicator

Typical heating sleeve

Claims of cheap nickel isotope enrichment as part of the invention (Screenshot: Blog "Journal of nuclear physics", April 11, 2011)

All data that are currently available regarding the "Focardi-Rossi Energy Catalyzer" come from the inventors and their Internet blog, from a patent application by Rossi, from YouTube videos, and from statements from the few physicists who tried to replicate the principle. There has been no noteworthy reception on the part of the international physics community so far. An attempt of the inventors to publish an article on their device in a renowned professional journal failed. Only individual physicists reacted with public blog entries and comments (e.g.: [14][15][16]). The most renowned person that commented the energy catalyzer so far is the English Nobel prize winner Brian Josephson. Josephson is known for years as a supporter of so called "cold fusion". As of January 2011, no proper scientific publication is known. Focardi and Rossi spread their statements in their own "online periodical" titled "Journal of Nuclear Physics", basically an internet blog, and in Italian journal "Il Cimento". On inquiry, physicist Focardi advised that the "Journal of Nuclear Physics" was founded by Rossi since publication in accredited journals failed. Focardi stated that "arXiv.org" was the journal, that declined to publish them: A. Carnera, S. Focardi, A. Rossi, to be published on Arxiv..

The company of Rossi EON Srl and the "Leonardocorp." did not provide further information.

According to available and in part contradictory information from inventors Focardi and Rossi, the small reactor allegedly enables exothermal fusion. They claim they managed to "produce" 130 kW thermal energy in an extreme case, and needed just 80 to 1,250 Watts to "pre-heat" respectively to operate the electronic control system.

The process - disclosed only partially, although a patent application was filed (not approved as of April 2011) - involves that nickel and hydrogen gas are transformed to copper in the presence of an unknown catalyst under emission of heat and ionizing radiation. The fusion process is said to happen in a stainless steel reactor vessel which is placed inside of a copper pipe through which cooling water flows. The patent application claims the stable nickel isotope 62Ni28 (which makes about 3.6% of natural nickel) reacted with hydrogen and was transformed into the stable copper isotope 62Cu29. Rossi claims in his blog that he uses nickel isotope enrichment to get the desired amount of nickel isotopes. To be more precise, he claims to use an unexplained process to enrich with the isotope Ni58. The costs are said to be just 10% of the overall costs for nickel powder. Actual isotope enrichment is a very expensive process. Rossi, on the other hand, specified the costs for six months of operation as only a few Euros(see below). The copper thus generated is said to contain two stable copper isotopes, with an isotope proportion different from the one in natural copper. An independent analysis in Sweden did not find an isotope ratio different from the natural one. Such a fusion would require very high temperatures and would result in emmision of strong gamma radiation from the destruction of positrons and electrons.

While nickel rods were used initially, recent experiments used nickel powder (particle size is said to be in the nm-range, the patent application mentions 10 µm). Rossi mentions "Gerli Metalli" company from Milan as their supplier. Furthermore, unknown catalysts, not specified even in the patent application are said to be employed. Nickel oxide - which reacts with hydrogen creating water and heat (NiO2 + H2 --> Ni + H20) was allegedly not used. According to the patent application an inner water circuit(with a boric acid solution) is placed inside of the reactor and heat is transferred by a heat exchanger to an external water circuit.

When heating with electrical energy, protons from hydrogen gas are said to enter the nickel atoms at 180-400 degrees Celsius and that should lead to a nuclear reaction if pressure is increased strongly at regular intervals. Altogether, hydrogen is said to be consumed and some helium is generated. The nickel rod is said to show tiny surface craters after a reaction. According to the patent application, the electrical pre-heating will be turned off automatically by a thermostat when a certain operating temperature is achieved. Further electrical energy (20 to 80 W) was only necessary to supply control electronics. Internet rumours which cannot be verified claim that high voltage or a magnetic field of 360 kV to overcome the Coulomb barrier might be applied. The application of so high a voltage is not possible within such a small device due to spark generation.

Inventors also claim the mentioned "fusion" generates weak gamma and neutron radiation. Radiation is said to be β+ corpuscular radiation with positrons (known from potassium 40-decay). They also claim they do not know the exact functional principle. The actual reaction chamber is estimated at a volume of about one litre and shielded by a layer of 2 cms of lead. The inventors claim in their patent application:

The above mentioned coatings are so designed as to restrain all radiation emitted by the exothermal reaction and transform said radiation into thermal energy.

A contribution in their blog speculatively connects the Focardi Rossi Energy Amplifier to the hydrino theory of American physician and electrical engineer Randell Mills who claims to work with hydrogen and nickel, too. Mills is said to work with hydrogen and nickel too. Supporters of "cold fusion" theories often claim that so-called Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) were taking place. The term LENR is unknown in professional literature and such fusion processes were not yet proven to exist.

Further internet speculations believe that it was a normal chemical reaction which apparently was unknown to the inventors and was usually applied in the purification of nickel ores: the "Sherritt-Gordon process", which is accompanied by a heat release, but is a conventional chemical reaction. The evidence of copper thus may be explained by the fact that available nickel often contains copper contaminations.

Looking for possible heat sources [Absorption] of hydrogen in nickel in a chemical reaction comes to mind. Hydrogen gas can enter into nickel (and other metals). Extraction on the other hand leads to cooling.

The energy catalyzer and the Widom Larson theory

Cold fusion followers came up repeatetly with a speculation in 2011 that connected the functional principle of the Rossi energy catalyzer to a theory that is not recognized by scientific physics, the Widom Larson theory, in which the Coulomb barrier plays no role. Andrea Rossi declared on request that this theory was not needed to explain the functional principle. The Theory was formulated in 2005 by Allan Widom and Lewis Larsen and published in "Eur. Phys. J. C" (Full Text). According to that theory the discussed "cold fusion" processes are not actual fusion processes but interactions where the weak nuclear force plays a role. The theory claims that electrons and protons can transform to "ultra low momentum" neutrons and one neutrino (e- + p –> n + neutrino). The "Ultra Low Momentum Neutrons" are said to bind after a short time to adjacent nuclei. The Widom Larson theory should help to circumvent the problem of the "Three Miracles of Cold Fusion" of Huizenga - 1993 ( the lack of measurable neutron radiation, avoidance of the Coulomb barrier and the lack of high energy gamma rays) with a purported compliance to established physical laws. Reactions involving the weak interaction are mediated by W bosons, that could be demonstrated experimentally in 1983 with the particle accelerator (CERN). W-bosons have roughly 80 times mass of protons and a very short range.

The mysterious catalyst

The inventors claim that the high thermal output of the energy catalyzers is the result of a special catalyst, whose composition is kept secret. In scientific nuclear physics, contrary to classic physics, the usage of catalyst for fusion processes is unknown.

Unverifiable Internet rumours speculate that it might be "Raney-Nickel" since two fires in Rossi's laboratories were caused by "Raney-Nickel". Rossi erklärte jedoch auf Anfrage, dass Raney-Nickel nicht zur Anwendung komme. Foardi states that he does not know the composition of the catalyst himself, only Rossi knows it. Focardi gave some speculations about the compound in a radio interview on March 6, 2011. He believes that it is a chemical compound, not an element. It is not uranium. The obvious purpose of the substance is to catalyse the transformation of heated hydrogen gas (H2) in atomic hydrogen (a discussion of possible catalysts for this purpose can be found in a paper of Romanowski from 1999). To complicate the identification of the catalyst, observers were forbidden to do a spectral analysis of possible gamma radiation, since it might allow to identify elements of the compound.

Deactivation

Professor Sven Kullander writes in his report about the experiment on March 29, 2011 that the reaction was stopped by switching off the heater and increasing the cooling water flow to a maximum of 30 litres per hour. This contradicts previous claims that the heater would be turned of when operating temperature has been reached. The red wire in the picture to the right(cm 31 - 34) is obviously the heater supply. With a cable this thick it is possible to power the heater from a regular wall outlet with 220 volt/10 amp, which in turn would yield 2200 Watt and could explain the steam generation..

Prof. Kullander also writes that the heater acts as a safety: "At the end of the horizontal section there is an auxiliary electric heater to initialize the burning and also to act as a safety if the heat evolution should get out of control." Obviously a heater cannot act as a safeguard for a heat generating process.

The self-destruct mechanism

According to inventor Rossi his future commercial "energy catalyzers" will be built with a self-destruct mechanism. Any attempts to inspect the secret operating mechanism and internal components of the "reactor"should be prevented with that.

Claims about practical application and success

Input and output of the reactor according to the inventors

According to Focardi and Rossi, they achieved increasing heat quantities with their device over the years. They claim one nickel rod was sufficient for six months of operation. Rossi, in his patent specification, anecdotally reports he was heating his company's bureaus with this reactor which resulted in some 90% savings regarding electricity bills over a period of six months:

A practical embodiment of the inventive apparatus, installed on October 16, 2007, is at present perfectly operating 24 hours per day, and provides an amount of heat sufficient to heat the factory of the Company EON of via Carlo Ragazzi 18, at Bondeno (Province of Ferrara)."

A "kW-module" allegedly runs in his "Leonardo facility" in New Hampshire (USA) since 2008.

Details regarding nickel consumption and costs

According to Rossi, 100 grammes of nickel powder were consumed over a period of six months at 10 kW (therm.) output. The cost for the "fuel" thus would amount to 2 Euro. An E-cat will cost about 2,000 Euro per kW output (a 10 kW-model thus will amount to 20,000 Euro). In the North-American radio talk show "Coast to Coast AM", which is known for propagating conspiracy theories, Rossi said in March 2011 that his planned 1 MW small power station will cost 2 million dollars and later that his 10 kW E-Cat will cost just 5,000 dollars. According to the Greek newspaper "Investors World" from March 2011 future "E-cat" devices will be able to produce electrical energy through an "inverter". Annual cost to customers for the production of 20 kW output "around the clock" (unclear whether thermal or electric) will amount to 1,300 Euros. "Defkalion green technologies" plans to request from RAE (regulatory authority for energy) to be included in the "renewable energy" program.

History

First experiments with a predecessor of the "ECat" by EON in Bondeno(Ferrara). On the right the "reactor", cooled in a bucket of water, can be seen. (Picture: S. Focardi, May 2011 [11])

"Anomalies" when adding hydrogen to nickel are reported since 1936. 1989 was marked by wide media attention to cold fusion as a result of the claims regarding the failed experiments by Fleischmann and Pons. In the same year, Italian biophysicist Francesco Piantelli (formerly University Siena) believed to have incidentally observed a strong heat emission with temperatures above 1,450° C during an experiment with organic material which came into contact with nickel and hydrogen(nickel is used in industry as a catalyst for fat hardening with hydrogen), which he could not explain.. This news was also topic in several Italian newspapers. In 1995, Piantelli received a "Truffle Prize" for his observations during a "Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals". Various workgroups have made experiments with electrolysis and with nickel and hydrogen since then.

Piantelli founded a private Organisation called I.M.O. (Centro Interuniversitario interdipartimentale per lo studio delle interazioni biofisiche e biochimiche tra molecole e organismi) after he had left Siena University. He developed a method called SQME (Sequenze di Campi Magnetici ed Elettrici - Sequence of magnetic and electric fields) there, which, if applied to cancer patients, should raise body temperature by four degrees and work as a hypothermic treatment. No professional literature about that is known.

Physicist Sergio Focardi from Bologna University heard about Piantelli's observations of temperature increases with nickel-hydrogen reactions and teamed up with him to research the phenomenon. After several years they had built a nickel hydrogen rector and, in a press conference in February 1994, announced their reactor as a principle for "Reazioni Nucleari a Bassa Energia" (LENR, "Low Energy Nuclear Reactions"), however avoiding the term "cold fusion". Once more articles were published in the daily press and as before in 1989, there were no academic publications. An output of 40-50 thermal Watts was claimed. A nickel rod with a pre-treated surface which had been "degassed" for several hours was said to be enclosed in the reactor surrounded by hydrogen. Italien industry looked into the matter and tried exploit the Piantelli-principle commercially. Alas, all industrial application attempts failed. Involved companies were a TESCA-Konsortium (companies Bulla, Bergomi, Foglia, Italkero and Ecosystem), FIAT AVIO SpA corporation and PROVITA s.r.l.

In 2007 Andrea Rossi is said to have offered Sergio Focardi a contract as a consultant, which led to cooperation.

Presentation on January 14, 2011

Video of an experiment taking several minutes during a public presentation on January 14, 2011 (Source: Curiosity-Blog)

Temperature curve, with two periods (17 minutes) where 100°C were reached (reconstructed from video)

reconstructed superposition of temperature and heating curve. The time difference between the two curves should be noted, it is a results of a simplification which equates the start of heating with the start of the temperature rise. (an improved diagram is in the works)

Screenshot from a video of the experiment used to estimate its duration

Diagram, which shows the timeline of the electrical heating input during the experiment

Comparison of the shown probe to a HP474AC probe (Image: www.physicsforums.com)

Specifications of the used pump "LMI P18" (Image: www.physicsforums.com)

Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi gave a press conference on January 14, 2011 which was not only attended by Italian public television station RAI (RAI 3) and numerous journalists, but also by several physicists employed at universities. Only invited people were allowed to participate. The presentation was done in rooms rented from the company "GM System" in an industrial area of Bologna and not in rooms of the Bologna University as claimed on various places in the internet. During the press conference the function of the reactor was demonstrated for about an hour (55 minutes) in an adjoining room. An analysis of the recorded measurement data which can be seen on the screen of a notebook in a Youtube-video for a couple of seconds allow to estimate a duration of 15 to 20&nbspminutes(probably 17  minutes) where a water temperature of 100 degrees or more was reached. (see picture). The data, which can be seen on the notebook were omitted from the the report about the experiment (they are, according to the physicist Levi: "lost"). It also speaks of a duration of 40 minutes, obviously the whole duration including heating up is meant. To calculate the heat output inadvertent or deliberately incorrect values of the water throughput were made, which was in truth less than half of the said amount. The inventors reported about their experiment in their blog, and published three Youtube videos in Italian language [17], [18], [19].

During the press conference they stated the heat input was 600 Watts, at a calculated output of 12,000 Watts (12 kW). But according to the published report (G. Levi) the actual supplied power was on average 1,022 Watt. A new analysis of the published data gave 1,073 Watt. Power used was between 400 and 1500 W. The inventors calculated their estimation of generated heat from the heated water: 292 grammes of water per minute were heated from 20 °C to 101 °C (dry vapour) and evaporated. The attending physicists were allowed to take some measurements. They were disappointed, however, as a spectral analysis of the gamma radiation was denied for secrecy reasons. A detailed report submitted by independent physicists from Bologna University stated that no gamma radiation was detected, although the device was supplied with two openings for measurement purposes. Excerpt from the report:

[...] no gamma radiation above the background level in the energy region Eγ > 200 keV has been observed, neither in single counting, not in coincidence;
regardless of the internal details of the reaction chamber, shieldings and other industrial secrets, the γ rates measured with the NaI counters seem not compatible with the rates deduced or expected assuming that the energy production was due to nuclear fusion or decay reactions, as suggested in [1].

Observers were allowed to weigh the hydrogen gas container before and after the experiment (weight: 13,66 kgs). Even considering possible errors in measurement (duct tape still attached), hydrogen usage was estimated at less than one gramme. Not enough to make conventional hydrogen combustion plausible. Link to the report: [20]

Alternative calculation explaining the reported values without cold fusion(Source: unknown author "Ascoli65" from Italian forum EnergeticAmbiente.it)

Inconsistencies: Several incomprehensible pieces of information were given shortly after the experiment. Even weeks later the Rossi-Team has not reacted with a correction of said pieces. Not only was the duration of the experiment with 17 minutes (where temperature was close to or above 100 degrees) shorter than claimed, but there are also reasons to doubt other claims of the inventors and operators of the experiment. The estimation of energy by evaporation of water was criticized in "www.physicsforums.com" in retrospect, as respective calculations were made assuming dry vapour without fractions of condensed water, which was not proven. The probe shown in the video can only measure the heat but not the dry condition of the steam. It was claimed that a combined probe of the type HP474AC (Delta Ohm) was used, but in the video a different probe, which looks like a SPC C45 0500 BEX - probe, can be seen. A HP474AC probe is not visible on any video. The claimed water throughput of 292 ml/min. (= 17.5 liter/h) was doubted too, since the used pump has, according to specification, only half of this capacity. A pump of the type "LMI P18" was used, as the Swedish journalist Mats Lewan confirmed in May 2011. Several previous inquiries about the type of the pump were not answer by Andrea Rossi.. The manufacturer gives a maximal flow of 12.1 l/h for the LMI P18. Other models (A/B/C) of LMI pumps can be ruled out, as they they look different. Water throughput of these programmable peristaltic pumps can be regulated. The number of strokes per minute and the pumped volume can be regulated separately. The maximal number of strokes is 100 per minute. At 100 strokes/min maximum throughput is reached. In one of the YouTube-videos from the presentation on January 14, 2011 pump strokes are clearly audible for 30 seconds. Counting them gives 29 or 30  strokes in those thirty seconds. The pump was regulated to 59 to 60 strokes/minute, which corresponds to 60% of maximal flow rate. Thus the heat output calculated by the team is 240% higher than actually possible with the pump shown in the video and certainly wrong. Because of the wrong claim about the mean average powerg (1.073 W instead of 600 W) an additional grave error of 78% has to be added. Had only a couple of percent of condensed water been present in the vapour it would allow to explain the steam generation just through the electrical heating. The report about the experiment states that the used hydrogen cylinder had been weighted before and after the test to establish the amount of used hydrogen with less than a gram margin. For the weight of the pressure cylinder different values are given, but it is said to have been 13,66 kg. Available scales for the given range (for 20/30/60 kg) allow to read weight in 0.1 gram steps but their precision is far less. Possible scales offer just a precision of 0.2 to 0.4 gram.

Undocumented experiment on February 10/11, 2011

On February 10 or 11, 2011 a further "internal test" of the „E-Cat“ was carried out in Bologna, attended by allegedly "independent" physics lecturer Guiseppe Levi from Bologna University. Several sources in the Internet claim that the test had happened on February 18, 2011 instead. Sole witness was physicist Levi, leader of a physics faculty research group that got financial support for their aid in the project. Levi was also responsible for the poor report regarding the test in January. According to Guiseppe Levi's description, published in a Swedish online article titled "Cold Fusion: 18 hour test excludes combustion", a hose connected the device this time to a water tap in order to cool the "reactor". Tap water was said to have flown through the device at about 1 liter per second and was warmed by 5 degrees (to 15-20 degrees). Obviously this test was done to counter the criticism of the the test conditions in January. The test was said to have run continuously for 18 hours, a water meter had quantified the flow and it was monitored by video during the night(that video was never released). The "reactor" was allegedly heated up for ten minutes with 1,250 Watts initially and subsequently only a control unit was supplied with 80 Watts, while an alleged constant thermal performance of 15-20 Kilowatt was established. According to Levi a 0.4 gram hydrogen were used in those 18 hours. The same source quotes Levi with the remark that he excluded "chemical energy sources" as heat source now:

...Now that I have seen the device work for so many hours, in my view all chemical energy sources are excluded...

The alleged heat output was calculated by supporters of Cold Fusion (LENR Low Energy Nuclear Reactions - CANR Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions) to be 270-288 kWh (about one GJ), which has compared to the energy of 26 litres of heating oil. Assuming an average output of 17 kW (the input of electrical energy for pre-heating and control may be neglected) over 18 hours actually renders about 300 kWh arithmetically speaking. The fuel value of 1 litre of oil is at about 10 kWh so that in terms of figures, an amount of 30 litres may be calculated to produce the same heat quantity.

Since the volume of the visible devices can be estimated, interested parties in the Internet(Usenet) tried to find candidates for a known chemical reaction which could be done in the given volume and produces enough heat while having no problems with smoke emission, toxicity, costs and controllability. While a normal chemical reaction can indeed not be ruled out for the first demonstration in January, a replacement candidate for the alleged 18 hour experiment in February could not be found. The volume of the external control unit is said to be about 60 litres, but contained only electronics according to Levi . He estimated the actual reaction chamber at a volume of about 1 litre. The shielding is said to be a layer of 2 cms of lead with an overall weight of 30 kgs.

Criticized was also the placement of the probe, which was supposed to measure the heat of the water during the test. The probe was inserted from outside the "reactor" and might have come into contact with an inner heating resistor which would have made an assessment of the heat output impossible. Further criticism was targeted at the start temperature which might even have been below the (unknown) room temperature, which complicates the interpretation of the data even more.

Experiment on March 29, 2011

(with claimed working conditions)

Comparison of different heating curves

A six-hours presentation was made on March 29, 2011 in Bologna attended by the invited Swedish physicists Sven Kullander and Hanno Essén. For "stability reasons" a smaller "energy catalyzer" with lesser output was used, which is said to have yielded 25 kWh in 6 hours with a thermal output of 4.4 kW. The same pump as in January, the LMII P18 was used in this presentation, but this time the capacity was compatible with the maximum flow capacity given by the manufacturer and therefore possible. Water throughput of 6.27 kg/h (104 ml/min) was given. As in the experiment in January water was evaporated, but without measurement of the dryness of the vapour errors of up to 600% a possible. It is also impossible in retrospect to find out if all the water was evaporated, since a drain for warm water was located near the steam port. The unit was filled with 50 grammes nickel powder. At startup hydrogen gas was pumped into the device with 25 bar but without previously pumping air out. To quote: The air of atmospheric pressure was remaining in the container as a small impurity. (Remark: If oxygen from the air would have stayed in - as claimed - water could have been formed since the nickel powder would have acted as a catalyst). Heating was done with 300 Watt. During the presentation isolation and lead shielding were removed from some shown E-cats but not from the used E-cat.The attending Giuseppe Levi made pictures which were published in Italian and Swedish blogs. The Swedish observers wrote a report, which was published in Internet blogs. They write in their report that a normal chemical reaction can be ruled out:

Any chemical process should be ruled out for producing 25 kWh from whatever is in a 50 cubic centimeter container. The only alternative explanation is that there is some kind of a nuclear process that gives rise to the measured energy production.

The observers were allowed to examine two material samples in advance: the nickel powder and "used" nickel power from an experiment which had previously been run for 2 and a half months. Rossi delivered the samples during a visit in Sweden. The used sample contained 10% copper and 11% iron according to an analysis done at the Ångström Laboratory (Ångströmlaboratoriet) of Uppsala university. Surprisingly, the isotope ratio of nickel and copper (isotope 63 and isotope 65) was equal to the natural isotopic composition.

Both measurements show that the pure nickel powder contains mainly nickel, and the used powder is different in that several elements are present, mainly 10 percent copper and 11 percent iron. The isotopic analysis through ICP-MS doesn’t show any deviation from the natural isotopic composition of nickel and copper.

The given ratios were: Cu-63 70%, Cu-65 30%. Professor Sven Kullander commented such a product as extremely unlikely:

If this reaction chain would be true even though none of the responses that I mention can be made with the knowledge we have today, then isotopic distribution Cu-63/Cu-65 be greater than 80/20, probably closer to 99/01.

The natural isotope ratio of 63Cu to 65Cu is 2,24 (69,17% to 30,83%). Focardi had previously claimed that the copper isotope ratio would be reduced to 1.6 through the "fusion". While there are further copper isotopes, they are unstable and are not found in nature (69,17 + 30,83 = 100).

It is not only statistically (nearly) impossible that after an alleged fusion reaction with copper as fusion product an "used" sample will show the same isotope ratio as found in nature. Further considerations about the sample analysis expose insurmountable obstacles to the possibility of fusion:
In theory, the stable copper isotopes 63Cu and 65Cu might be a result of fusion of hydrogen and nickel isotopes 62Ni and 64Ni (add one proton each). But according to the Swedish Institute that analysed the samples the unused nickel sample just contained in sum 4.5% of these stable nickel isotopes. Assuming the unlikely case all nickel 62 and nickel 64 atoms were fused(which is unlikely) with a proton (hydrogen nucleus), the amount of copper would not amount to even 10% of the resulting mass. Even an alternative reaction chain with unstable isotopes is impossible based on the measured isotope ratios and the absence of radiation. It would be possible to assume nickel 58 as starting isotope which would become copper 59 and decay to nickel 59. Which in turn would become copper 60 and decay to nickel 60 which would fuse to copper 61, decay to nickel 61 and fuse to copper 62 and decay to nickel 62. In the end stable copper 63 would be formed. But this would necessitate a completely different copper isotope ratio then found in the analysis.

Experiments in April 2011

Temperature graph and alleged working conditions of the test on April 19

Both heating resistors are switched on

Temperature graph and alleged working conditions of the test on April 28

Possible manipulation of the heating regulation by Rossi during the experiment

On April 19 and April 28 the E-cat was presented to the Swedish reporter Mats Lewan (Nyteknik journal). To measure the produced energy water was heated and with an input of just 300 Watts allegedly several litres of water evaporated. Rossi estimated the heating output at more than 2 kW. A regular publication of the results did not happen. Details were published by a thrilled Lewan just on some websites in the Internet ([21] [22]). A short video of the experiment on April 28, 2011 is available. The dosimetric pump LMI P18 was used again. Water throughput was given as 63-69 ml/min this time, a value which is possible according to the specifications by the manufacturer. The stroke frequency was 32/min. With a stroke-volume of 2 ml (maximum) the throughput is 64 ml/min, a value which corresponds to the values given by other measurements during the experiment. The weight of the pumped water was measured several times as it flowed in a specified time through the device. Since the electrical heating power of 315 Watt was just measured once at startup with a pliers ammeter it is unclear if the heating input was constant. When the journalist Lewan walked into an adjoining room and waved with his video camera, Rossi was seen fiddling with the heating regulation. It is therefore unclear if the input was constant during the experiment.

A further experiment, allegedly planned for April 21, 2011, where the E-Cat was supposed to be given to the Swedish scientists Sven Kullander and Hanno Essén from Uppsala university for testing, was denied by Rossi in retrospect.

Attempts to replicate the experiments

• In 1996, a group led by Antonino Zichichi tried in vain to repeat the pre-Rossi Piantelli-experiment(equal in principle, except for the secret catalyst) at CERN, Geneva for one year. Authors mention observed increases in temperature which, however, did not correspond to an increase in energy release:

The authors state, "We have found the [Piantelli-Focardi group’s] results to be consistent with our observations; namely we measured higher temperatures for the same input power when hydrogen is absorbed during a heating cycle. Nevertheless this temperature rise does not appear to correspond to an increase in heat production. We have added a temperature sensor to the container of the experiment. The temperature of the container follows the same temperature with input power curve irrespective of whether there is an anomalous absorption of hydrogen or not; therefore we have no evidence that this temperature increase corresponds to another source of heat. In conclusion, we have observed all the effects discovered by Focardi et al., but our results imply that there is no production of power associated with the absorption of hydrogen by nickel."

• In 1998/1999, a further attempt to replicate the tests of the principle was carried out by scientists Luigi Nosenzo and Luigi Cattaneo in Pavia (Italy). Again, no fusion reaction or release of energy could be established over the course of several months.

• In May 2011 the US physicist Brian Ahern reported tests with a finely milled zirconium-nickel-copper-alloy where hydrogen gas was added after heating it to 500 degrees. A small additional rise in heat atop of the supplied electrical heating power was seen, which was estimated at about 5-10 watts. A publication of the experiment is not known. The claims of Ahern were just spread in various blogs. Ahern has been known as a supporter of "cold fusion" for a long time and tries to use it with a company he founded, Vibronic Energy technologies Corp.

Inventor Andrea Rossi

Andrea Rossi at the Petroldragon-trial (Source: newspaper L'Unita")

Reimbursement offer of diploma mill "Kensington University Inc." to its customers

Rossi CV on his website (March 4, 2011)

A Petroldragon compound (Source: newspaper L'Unita")

Andrea Rossi before a reactor of Petroldragon (Source: newspaper L'Unita")

Compound of the company Petrol Dragon in Airuno with tanks for used oil (Image: merate online [12])

The Italian inventor Andrea Rossi was born on June 3, 1950 in Milano. In his curriculum vitae presenting his occupational history on his website (see picture on the right dated March 4, 2011), Rossi specifies he graduated in philosophy at the University of Milan. He claims as a second "Laurea" title (common term for a final degree at an Italian University with an obligatory doctorate) in "Ingegneria Chimica" (chemical engineering) at a Californian "Kensington University Inc.". This company was officially registered in Hawaii, but operated from Glendale in California and was a wellknown diploma mill until it was shut down on court orders.. IThe company was sentenced to restitute all former customers (see picture to the left). The company had been reported to the law by a consumer protection organisation.

In March 2011 Andrea Rossi was confronted by a journalist with accusations of holding an engineering title from a diploma mill. Rossi replied that the title was a honorary title which was granted to him for an earlier patent regarding bio fuel. He claims that he doesn't know anything about the company "Kensington University Inc.". He also said that he has a regular title Dottore Magistrale in Filosofia of Università degli Studi di Milano from 10. Dezember 1975

The "Rossi Energy Amplifier" is not the first invention made by Andrea Rossi. During the 1970ies and 1980ies, he tried to produce hydrocarbons from waste to no avail. This resulted in several law suits and criminal cases with prison sentences against the "Sheik of Brianza" (Sceicco della Brianza, sheik because he claimed to produce oil from industrial waste. Brianza is a region north of Milan). The law suits were also known as "Petroldragon affair", since Rossi's company was named "Petroldragon". Italian Wikipedia has an article about the affair: Petroldragon. Rossi was convicted because he did not dispose of large amounts(58,000 tons) of toxic wastes in accordance with regulations, and for trafficking waste materials. According to an article in the Italian newspaper "Corriere della Sera" for April 6, 1995 Rossi and a Michele Pizzato were arrested twice. As a member of a "gang" and "criminal organisation" he is said to have smuggled two tons of gold in a money laundering operation. Newspaper articles from that time (in Italian):

Rossi, however, perceived this as a repression of his allegedly ecological conversion technology. He migrated to USA after a series of criminal proceedings. Current business interests (EON srl and EFA srl) are handled by his wife Maddalena Pascucci.

EON Srl and Leonardo Corporation

Apartment-house at the address of "Leonardo Corp." (1331, Lincoln rd Miami Beach, App. 505). Image: Google street view

Registration of the company "Leonardo Corp." in Miami Beach

Registration page 2

The company EON Srl (owned by Rossi), which is often mentioned in connection with the subject, is registered both in Bondeno and in Rome . The Bodeno location is said to have been heated by an "E-cat" device virtually for free for a long time. Rossi also claims he is producing hot water in his home with an E-cat too. For both claims no independent evidence exists.

In the course of 2011, inventors and undisclosed non-Italian investors(allegedly Greeks) plan to offer ready-made reactors for industrial application under the marketing name "Hyperion" (not to confuse with a concept for small fission reactors of the same name in the USA). There is an official permission dating from 2006 which enables Italian EON Srl to operate a small power plant, fuelled by bio diesel, producing electric power up to 1 megawatt in the town of Bondero. Inventors also claim to currently work on a small power plant which combines 120 interconnected energy-amplifier reactors of equal electric power of 1,000 kWs (1 MW) either in Greece or in USA, which is supposed to be finished by October 2011 and will cost 2 million dollars. As manufacturer the Greek company „Defkalion Green Technologies S.A.“ is mentioned.

There is a Leonardo Corporation located in Bedford, New Hampshire, USA owned by Rossi which is listed as contact address of EON. Their e-mail address is identical with EON Srl's in Italy. The phone number is a collective number which applies to several companies that are located at the same address. It's a so called "business park". This company and Greek Defkalion are supposed to build the future "reactors". It offers currently electric generators fuelled by bio diesel (with turbo chargers and intercooling). The company claims a high degree of efficiency due to its patented "EON" technology which was able to recover incurred thermal losses.

The Leonardo Corp. is registered in Miami(Florida) too, in an apartment in a block of a residential area. The telephone number(603) 4875192 however, belongs to a phone in New Hampshire. It seems hard to imagine that at one of these addresses of the Leonardo Corp. the Rossi Energy Catalyzer could be produced, let alone a 1 MW power plant could be build.

EFA srl

The Italian company EFA srl based in Bologna is a limited liability company run byRossis wife Maddalena Pascucci. She holds 70% of the shares. A minority stake is held by a business consultant named Giuliano Guandalini. Guandalini had worked for Rossi before. The EFA is the owner of the distribution rights for Europe and contractual partner for both the University of Bologna (as of June 2011 the contract was not signed) as well as Defkalion.

At the same address as the EFA, Via Marsili 4, Bologna, resides also the company Systems GM 2000th (Giuliano Guandalini), the landlord of the rooms where Rossi conducts his experiments.

Leonardo Technologies Inc.

Thermoelectric wonder device of LTI

Leonardo Technologies Inc. (LTI) is another company registered in USA co-founded by Rossi. But he sold it at the end of the 1990s. LTI in Manchester(NH/USA) tried to develop thermoelectric modules with wondrous degrees of efficiency. Such elements work due to the thermoelectric effect (see also Thermoelectric cooling enabling them to convert temperature differences to electrical voltage. Voltage is very low but through serial circuits higher voltage can be achieved. Efficiency is known to be very low. It lies between 2 and 4 percent and useful applications are limited to special needs ("Plutonium cells", satellite supply without sun collectors). Such converters would be only of commercial interest if efficiencies beyond 15% were achieved. LIT claimed to have realized thermoelectric modules (TE-devices) with 20% efficiency. It was also claimed that they could build big converters with a capacity of several kilowatts. A collaboration with the university of New Hampshire was agreed upon. A device with 1 A and 100 volt (100 watt) was shown. Rossi continued his research later in Italy. The American Department of Defence showed interest, had the company CTC (in Johnstown, PA) test several devices of LIT and released a test protocol. The modules did not prove to be very reliable. Out of 27 devices just eight worked at all. Instead of the claimed 800 to 1000 watt they had just produced 1  Watt of power Further problems were thermal expansion and contact issues. Other modules sent later did not produce more power than a normal commercially available device.

AmpEnergo

Coldstream Park Office Park (Image: NAI Norwood Group, Bedford NH [13])

The US-American startup company AmpEnergo Inc. founded on April 20,2009 in Bedford, New Hampshire (Website: [23]) signed a contract with inventor Andrea Rossi in March 2011. While "Leonardo Corp." should build the energy catalyzers, marketing is planned to be done throughAmpEnergo. According to the Swedish journal Rossi has received a fincancial grand by this company. According to information from press AmpEnergo is currently seeking inventors. The address of AmpEnergo is a "Coldstream Park Office Park" of the real estate firm NAI Norwood. The building is heated according to the owners by an electrically operated heat pump. The address is identical to with that of real estate firm NAI Norwood Group and of Norwood Management Karl Norwood Inc. of real estate agent Karl Norwood. and also of the companies Leonardo Corp. and Leonardo Technologies Inc. of Andrea Rossi. The phone numbers of all those companies are identical too ( (603) 668 7000). For the company Ampenergo Inc. no phone number is known despite its founding in 2009. The company is not registered in any of the United States phone books for companies or private persons. (as of May 2011)

Defkalion Green Technologies

Defkalion Management

Alexandros Xanthoulis (geb. 1954), vice president. Xanthoulis also represents the Cypriot PRAXEN L.T.D.

David Christian Aurel (born 1969), Managing Director. Aurel ist also CEO of Invest Bank Montenegro

here is a small startup company in Athens named "Defkalion Energy" resp. "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A." (named after Deucalion, in Greek mythology a son of Prometheus), owned by various investors, which will according to Rossi produce some of the "energy catalyzers". The owners of Defkalion are unknown, but are mostly from Greece and near-east countries according to Defkalion. Major shareholder of Defkalion is a PRAXEN Ltd. based in Limassol (Cyprus).

President of Defkalion is a George Sortikos, one of the vice presidents is Christos Stremmenos (born 1932, former professor at Bologna University and former ambassador of Greece in Italy).

The Cyprus Company PRAXEN Ltd. which is connected to Defkalion vice president Alexandros Xanthoulis can according to Cypriot law keep its shareholders secret. Andrea Rossi's wife Maddalena Pascucci, a trained economist operational, appears to focus on controlling the commercial aspect of the energy catalyzer business. She is director of the Italian EFA srl, which has a business relationship with the PRAXEN Ltd .

While the website of EON Srl has been "under construction" for months now, the page of Defkalion meanwhile offers a contact address in Athens. Domain registrant is an Andreas Meintanis from GR-19200 Elefsina.

While the Rossi-company "Leonardo Corp." should handle business in USA, the Greek company Defkalion is said to hold the license for selling in Greek and the Balkans and is maybe even supposed to handle the aspiring european business. According to greek newspaper "Investors World" an old factory was bought in the town of Xanthi where a 1 MW-small power station with energy catalyzers of Rossi is supposed to be build which will manufacture the future energy catalyzers. The same source claims that Defkalion has to be regarded as an investment of "200 million Euro". Half of the investment money (about 100 millions) is said to go to inventor Rossi later. According to Rossi he will start with the production of his E-cat devices, even if the filed patent won't be granted. He also wants to continue production even if competitors understand his invention through reverse-engeneering. According to informations from the press Defkalion wants to begin in 2012 with production of E-cats and stated a annual production of 300,000. But in the first year just 40,000 units would be produced. In Xanthi 125 to 200 new jobs will be created.

The businessmodel of Defkalion allows long-time leasing of "E-cat" devices to private clients. A 10 kW or 20 kW facility(information is sketchy) is said to cost 1,300 Euros per year, including operational costs and "fuel replacement", handled by the manufacturer through replacing the device.

Funding and Cooperation with Bologna University

Rossi declares to have spent 500,000 Euro on experiments with more than 1,000 E-cat reactors, financed e.g. with earnings from his previous company Petroldragon which supplied him with revenues of as much as one million Euro. Rossi had declared on April 18, 2011 in an interview in Italian television that he had not received any pre-delivery payments or payments at all from a customer. Rossi only meant to earn revenue or license fees when sales commenced. Alas, it became known in May 2011 that he had already concluded a contract with the company AmpEnergo and payments were made.

Rossi allegedly agreed to a cooperation with Bologna University, but it was not signed as as of June 2011. It is said that the Faculty of Physics of Bologna University has received 500,000 Euro from Rossi in order to support development. According to other sources it was even 1 million Euro. The research unit is said to consist of the following persons: Ennio Bonetti, Enrico Campari, Loris Ferrari, Giuseppe Levi and Mauro Villa. Physicist Giuseppe Levi is said to be heading these activities.

Rossi means to donate part of the revenue for children suffering from cancer:

The 500,000 Euros I am paying to the University of Bologna is my last money, but when I deliver the one-megawatt plant to Defkalion I get cash back. From then on, 50% will be used for expansion and 50% to treat children with cancer. I will personally look for the children whose families cannot afford their care [...]

Journal of Nuclear Physics

Rossi spreads claims about his inventions through his own Internet blog called "Journal of Nuclear Physics", which is claimed to be "peer-reviewed". That it is no professional journal is obvious due to the title extension "Nuclear experiments blog". "Journal of Nuclear Physics" was the name of a russian professional journal, which was discontinued. An Article article in Wikipedia lists all journals of that name.

The website of the blog lists a "Board of Advisers" of 8 persons. Currently (April 2011) 8 names are listed: Prof. Sergio Focardi (INFN – University of Bologna – Italy), Prof. Michael Melich (DOD – USA), Prof. Alberto Carnera (INFM – University of Padova – Italy), Prof. Pierluca Rossi (University of Bologna – Italy), Prof. Luciana Malferrari (University of Bologna – Italy), Prof. George Kelly (University of New Hampshire – USA), Prof. Stremmenos Christos (Bologna University – Italy) und Richard Noceti, Ph.D. (LTI-global.com). It is peculiar that several of the persons are from the circle of the inventors. It is unclear for some persons, what qualifies them for questions of physics. George Kelly is apparently not working for the University of New Hampshire, it is unclear if he exists at all. An American psychologist with the same name has already died. Michael Melich, who allegedly works for the "DOD" (U.S. Defense Department) got attention for strange statements. He claims to work as kind of an undercover agent for a secret service and reports to it about activities of the cold fusion scene. Guiseppe Levi, who was listed originally as an advisor was crossed of the list end of January 2011 (see screenshots).

The blog can also be used to add comments. But various people in the Internet reported, that only comments or questions which do not criticize or doubt the "E-cat" are publicised.

Patents and patent applications

Drawing from patent application WO 2009/125444 von Rossi

Rossi has applied for a patent(WO 2009/125444 A1 EP 02259998 A1) for the method. The European Patent Office as one of the International Searching Authorities of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) assessed the patent specification negatively. It criticized that the invention was not presented comprehensively and in particular that it was not evident that the described reaction of nickel and hydrogen did in fact generate energy. To quote the report:

As the invention seems, at least at first, to offend against the generally accepted laws of physics and established theories, the disclosure should be detailed enough to prove to a skilled person conversant with mainstream science and technology that the invention is indeed feasible. [...] In the present case, the invention does not provide experimental evidence (nor any firm theoretical basis) which would enable the skilled person to assess the viability of the invention. The description is essentially based on general statement and speculations which are not apt to provide a clear and exhaustive technical teaching.

An Italian patent with the same content was granted in April 2011 with the number IT MI20080629 (processo ed apparecchiatura per ottenere reazioni esotermiche, in particolare da nickel ed idrogeno.). The text of the patent is not publicly visible, and will be published for confidentiality reasons only at a later date.

Patent applications are required to allow experts to recreate the described invention. Furthermore the "best method" to achieve the presented effect has to be described in the application. But Rossi kept the nature of his "catalyzers" secret.

The WIPO website lists an answer of Rossi's patent attorney Cicogna from December 17, 2010 in which he addresses the mentioned points. In response to the Munich European Patent Office, he gave up 6 of 15 previous claims. The correspondence responds also to a patent from 2005 (Yoshiaki Arata: (Juli 2005) Hydrogen condensate and method of generating heat therewith., EP1551032 [24]) of the Japanese emeritus professor Yoshiaki Arata, who studies "cold fusion" since 1989. Arata describes in his patent methods to generate an "Arata Energy" through an hydrogen isotope that permeates finely grounded metals (metal nano-ultrafine particle , Arata mentions several metals, among them nickel) or alloys under energy consumption. This process creates a "condensate" with decreased interatomic distance between the hydrogen isotopes, which explains the emission of heat. A byproduct of the reaction is helium. According to Arata there are several ways to apply the energy: pressure, ultrasound, high electricity, laserlight, magnetism, ... Arate showed his reactor with Stirling engine to the public in May 2008 but explained that the principle cannot be used economically since the helium generation "poisons" the fusion process and the fusion chamber had to be vented periodically.

Patents of Francesco Piantelli:

• WO 95 20816 A1, Francesco Piantelli: Energy generation and Generator by means of anharmonic stimulated fusion
• EP 0767962 B1 (1995), Piantelli, F., Energy Generation and Generator by Means of Anharmonic Stimulated Fusion. Patent
• WO 2010058288 A1: PIANTELLI SILVIA; PIANTELLI FRANCESCO, METHOD FOR PRODUCING ENERGY AND APPARATUS THEREFOR. 2010-05-27.
• DE69510056T2 Energieerzeugung Und Erzeuger Durch Oberwellenfreie Stimulierte Fusion, 03/02/2000
• patent application PI2011A000046 (Italy) from April 26, 2011: metodo e apparato per generare energia mediante reazioni nucleari di idrogeno adsorbito per cattura orbitale da una nanostruttura cristallina di un metallo. Not public.

Further patents of Andrea Rossi:

• US 2002/0046762 A1 "Thermoelectric generators", Inventor: Andrea Rossi. Filing date: Oct 4,2001
• WO0229908 THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS (patent withdrawn). published on 03.03.2004. Applicant(s) Leonardo Technologies, Inc., 116 South River Road, Bedford, NH 03110 / US. Inventor(s) ROSSI, Andrea, c/o Leonardi Technologies, Inc.
• US 6051110 Thermolytic distillation of carbonaceous material

Reception, media coverage and criticism

Swedish journalist Mats Lewan (Nyteknik)

Noteworthy reception from respective associations or universities never happened, an attempt by the inventors to publish their principle in a professional magazine failed. As of January 2011, no proper scientific publication is known. Only single physicists reacted with blog entries or comments to the topic.

The invention was covered in 4 articles in Italian daily newspapers (sometimes just in local section). Also, a small private radio station made an interview. A Greek business paper and a private tv station covered it. „Nyeteknik“reported in Sweden, some positive coverage was done in USA by the "Washington Times", which belongs to the Moon-Cult, in an article of Frank Perley.

The energy catalyzer was also covered in several blogs. The most lively interest could be observed in Italy and Sweden.

The most renowned person that commented the energy catalyzer so far is the English Nobel prize winner Brian Josephson. Josephson is known for years as a supporter of so called "cold fusion" and is editor of the corresponding article in English Wikipedia.

The most committed critic is probably Italian habilitated nuclear chemist Camillo Franchini. Another critic is the habilitated Swedish nuclear physicist Peter Ekström of Lund University. Ekström calls Rossi's invention a "hoax" and pseudoscience. He also compares it to claims made for the last twenty years by a Randell Mills (BlackLightPower - see Hydrino). Ekström refers in his critique to the conditions for fusion and nuclear transformations and the emitted radiation. A summary of his critique can be found here: Peter Ekström: Kall Fusion på italienska (Avdelningen för Kärnfysik, Lunds universitet. 12.4.2011, Swedish/English). The Swedish professor for physics Kjell Aleklett from Uppsala University also criticized in his blog: Kjell Aleklett "Rossi energy catalyst – a big hoax or new physics?"

Versions of this article in other languages

• Deutsch: Focardi-Rossi-Energiekatalysator
• Italiano: Catalizzatore di energia secondo Rossi e Focardi

See also

• Zirconium fusion reactor of Bolotov

Literature

• Giuseppe Levi: "Report on heat production during preliminary tests on the Rossi “Ni-H” reactor", Univ. Bologna, Jan. 2011 (auch: [25])
• E. CAMPARI, S. FOCARDI, V. GABBANI, V. MONTALBANO, F. PIANTELLI, S. VERONESI: "Overview of H_Ni systems: old experiments and new setup" 5TH ASTI WORKSHOP ON ANOMALIES IN HYDROGEN-DEUTERIUM LOADED METALS, ASTI, ITALY, 2004, XP002517911
• S. FOCARDI, V. GABBANI, V. MONTALBANO, F. PIANTELLI, S. VERONESI: "Evidence of Electromagnetic radiation from Ni-H Systems" 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSED MATTER NUCLEAR SCIENCE 2004, MARSEILLE, FRANCE, 2004, XP002517912
• Focardi S., Habel R., and Piantelli F., "Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems," Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 107A, p. 163-167, (1994)
• Notoya, R. et al., "Tritium Generation and Large Excess Heat Evolution by Electrolysis in Light and Heavy Water-Potassium Carbonate Solutions With Nickel Electrodes," Fusion Technology, Vol. 26, p. 179, (Sept. 1994)
• Mengoli, G., Bernardini, M., Manducchi, C., and Zannoni, G., "Anomalous Heat Effects Correlated With Electrochemical Hydriding of Nickel," Il Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 20 D, p. 331-352, (1998)
• Battaglia, A., Daddi, L., Focardi, S., Gabbani, V., Montalbano, V., Piantelli, F., Sona, P.G., and nesi, S., "Neutron Emission in Ni-H Systems," Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 112 A p. 921-931, (Sept. 1999)
• S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi. "Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems". Il Nuovo Cimento Vol. 111 A, N.11 pp. 1233, novembre 1998
• Cerron-Zeballos, E., Crotty, I., Hatzifotiadou, D., Lamas Valverde, J., Williams, M.C.S., and Zichichi, A., "Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems". Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 109A, p. 1645-1654, (1996).
• Adalberto Piazzoli. "Fusione Fredda? Una ricerca italiana". CICAP - Scienza & Paranormale N. 78 (Mai 2008)
• "Il ritorno della fusione fredda", Article in the journal "Query", 31.1.2011
• "Il ritorno della fusione fredda: ci risponde Levi", Article in the journal "Query", 2.2.2011
• Peter Ekström Kall fusion åter i hetluften, fysikaktuellt nr 2, May 2011, page 24. Full Text (Swedish)

News articles

• Luigi Grassia: Misteri - serie di test a Bologna. La Stampa, 11.5.2011 (Italian)
• Antonio Angeli: L'energia gratis parla italiano - Il sogno del «generatore magico» sembra realizzato. L'ha inventato un bolognese, Il Tempo, May 10, 2011 (Italian)
• Ilaria Venturi: Fusione nucleare a freddo - "A Bologna ci siamo riusciti", article in "La Repubblica" (local section Bologna) vom January 14, 2011. [26]
• MARCO PIVATO: "Ho realizzato la fusione fredda" - Annuncio choc del fisico Focardi. Article in "Il Resto del Carlino" (local section Bologna) on January 13, 2011
• Lisa Zyga: Italian scientists claim to have demonstrated cold fusion, physorg, January 20, 2011
• Clay Dillow: Italian Scientists Claim (Dubious) Cold Fusion Breakthrough, Fox News, January 24, 2011
• Frank Perley: Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes, "Washington Times" March 17, 2011.Nuclear future beyond Japan - Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes
• Franco, Foresta Martin, "Siena scopre l' energia pulita Fusione fredda all' italiana?," Corriere Della Sera, February 19, 1994

Weblinks

• Homepage of Andrea Rossi
• "Journal of Nuclear Physics". The title suggests a physics journal but it is actually a website similar to a blog run by Focardi and Rossi, articles are allegedly peer-reviewed by "at least one" physics professor.
• http://www.eonsrl.com (no content as of May 11, 2011)
• Peter Ekström: Kall Fusion på italienska (Avdelningen för Kärnfysik, Lunds universitet. 12.4.2011, Swedish/English)
• Kjell Aleklett "Rossi energy catalyst – a big hoax or new physics?" (English)
• http://www.fysik.org/WebSite/fragelada/index.asp?id=17662 (Swedish)
• http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/388amplifier.html
• http://www.newenergytimes.com/v2/news/2008/NET29-8dd54geg.shtml
• Angelo Saso: La magia del signor Rossi, Rainews24 05/03/2011
• Article in Swedish wikipedia on Andrea Rossi

Video

• at Rainews on 5.5.2011 (Italian)
• at Rainews on 5.5.2011 (English)
• Report in Greek television (Greek/English)
• [27] (Demonstration Bologna January 1, 2011)
• [28] (Demonstration Bologna January 2, 2011)
• [29] (Demonstration Bologna January 3, 2011)