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Chemtrail (view source)

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[[image:ctww2-2.jpg|Contrails during WWII|thumb]]

[[image:Ctww2-3.jpg|Picture from WWII|thumb]]

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'''Chemtrail''', according to a common [[Conspiracy Theory|conspiracy theory]], is the name for certain types of contrails. This [[Pseudo-Science|pseudo-scientific]] idea believes that at least part of the known contrails consist of various added substances, on whose composition, however, followers of this idea apparently cannot agree. Modified contrails allegedly show a different ~~behavior~~ from regular ones. They are said to remain visible in the sky for a longer time, and to appear in a checkerboard pattern sometimes. There is no consensus among followers of the chemtrail idea regarding which airplanes spread the additives. Some believe chemtrails were caused by various different types of planes, while others believe only certain military aircraft were responsible. An extended version of this theory claims that chemtrails are able to ''dissolve'' carbon-dioxide, resulting in a local decrease in temperature due to the diminished greenhouse effect. This creates a huge depression that sucks in surrounding air, causes thunderstorms, intense rain, storms, and hail.

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'''Chemtrail''', according to a common [[Conspiracy Theory|conspiracy theory]], is the name for certain types of contrails. This [[Pseudo-Science|pseudo-scientific]] idea believes that at least part of the known contrails consist of various added substances, on whose composition, however, followers of this idea apparently cannot agree. Modified contrails allegedly show a different behaviour from regular ones. They are said to remain visible in the sky for a longer time, and to appear in a checkerboard pattern sometimes. There is no consensus among followers of the chemtrail idea regarding which airplanes spread the additives. Some believe chemtrails were caused by various different types of planes, while others believe only certain military aircraft were responsible. An extended version of this theory claims that chemtrails are able to ''dissolve'' carbon-dioxide, resulting in a local decrease in temperature due to the diminished greenhouse effect. This creates a huge depression that sucks in surrounding air, causes thunderstorms, intense rain, storms, and hail.

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==The History of the ~~word Chemtrails~~==

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==The History of the Word Chemtrail==

[[image:stetter.jpg|G. Stetter|100px|thumb]]

[[image:Cliffordcarnicom2.jpg|Clifford Carnicom|left|thumb]]

[[image:williamThomas.jpg|William Thomas|left|thumb]]

[[image:Jimphelps.jpg|Jim Phelps|thumb]]

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The term chemtrail was coined in the US about 1998. Initially, until about 2000, the term "cloverleaf" was in more frequent use.<ref>18.07.2000 - http://www.rense.com/general2/pat.htm</ref><ref>27.07.2000 - http://www.clydelewis.com/invest/contrails/msnbc72798.html</ref><ref>22.05.2000 http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/Chemtrails/Witness_2.html</ref> Barium and aluminum were introduced into the debate around 2001.<ref>23.05.2001 - http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/Theories.html</ref> Clifford Carnicom from Santa Fe/New Mexico and Canadian William Thomas from Duncan (British Columbia) are often credited as creators of the chemtrail hypothesis. They are in fact the only ones who left behind well dated material. Carnicom's records begin in the summer of 1999, with the double title Contrail/Chemtrail. Carnicom latterly presents himself on a website called CACTUS (Citizens Against Chemtrails U.S.) According to Carnicum, barium was radioactive which adds another [[Pseudo Science|pseudo-scientific]] note to his [[Conspiracy Theory|conspiracy theories]]. Journalist William Thomas first wrote about the issue in January 1999 (article in Environment News Service - ENS)<ref>1999-01-08 http://www.netowne.com/environmental/contrails/willthomas/contrails.htm</ref>, but still used the term contrails.

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The term chemtrail was coined in the US about 1998. Initially, until about 2000, the term "cloverleaf" was in more frequent use.<ref>18.07.2000 - http://www.rense.com/general2/pat.htm</ref><ref>27.07.2000 - http://www.clydelewis.com/invest/contrails/msnbc72798.html</ref><ref>22.05.2000 http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/Chemtrails/Witness_2.html</ref> Barium and aluminum were introduced into the debate around 2001.<ref>23.05.2001 - http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/Theories.html</ref> Clifford Carnicom from Santa Fe/New Mexico and Canadian William Thomas from Duncan (British Columbia) are often credited as creators of the chemtrail hypothesis. They are in fact the only ones who left behind well dated material. Carnicom's records begin in the summer of 1999, with the double title Contrail/Chemtrail. Carnicom latterly presents himself on a website called CACTUS (Citizens Against Chemtrails U.S.) According to Carnicum, barium was radioactive which adds another [[Pseudo Science|pseudo-scientific]] note to his [[Conspiracy Theory|conspiracy theories]]. Journalist William Thomas first wrote about the issue in January 1999 (article in Environment News Service - ENS)<ref>1999-01-08 http://www.netowne.com/environmental/contrails/willthomas/contrails.htm</ref>, but still used the term contrails.

There are further historic documents, too, for example the well known radio talk show with Art Bell from 1999.<ref>1999-02-10 http://web.archive.org/web/20051109173010/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/4809/reports.html</ref><ref>1999-03-09 http://web.archive.org/web/20070315131454/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/4809/reports2.html</ref> While the first report only mentions (poisonous) contrails, the second one marks the birth of the term ''chemtrails' only one month later, albeit it is still set in quotation marks. The book "Chemtrails over America" by William Thomas was released shortly afterwards.

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Another (self-proclaimed) inventor of this term is Jim Phelps. Here a quote which provides some insight into Mr. Phelps' mind:''These truths revealed on the use of Chemtrails will show that the US Govt. has long known the truth on what causes the AIDS epidemic. Chemtrails use a truncated version of the Manna effect. And AIDS is the direct result of too much fluoride in the environment that is upsetting the beneficial trace metals in the human cells and immune system. This leads to a lower level of metals, like manganese, that block the reverse transcription of HIV. This is a very important concept from the End-Times predictions of huge health plagues sweeping the planet and all very predictable from the old biblical times for those that knew the mining industries.''<ref>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/12258-god-chemtrails-jim-phelps.html</ref>

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Another (self-proclaimed) inventor of this term is Jim Phelps. Here a quote which provides some insight into Mr. Phelps' mind:''These truths revealed on the use of Chemtrails will show that the US Govt. has long known the truth on what causes the AIDS epidemic. Chemtrails use a truncated version of the Manna effect. And AIDS is the direct result of too much fluoride in the environment that is upsetting the beneficial trace metals in the human cells and immune system. This leads to a lower level of metals, like manganese, that block the reverse transcription of HIV. This is a very important concept from the End-Times predictions of huge health plagues sweeping the planet and all very predictable from the old biblical times for those that knew the mining industries.''<ref>http://www.assatashakur.org/forum/open-forum/12258-god-chemtrails-jim-phelps.html</ref>

==The abstruse conspiracy theory==

[[image:testflugzeug.jpg|Rear of a test plane for simulating icing|300px|left|thumb]]

[[image:Nkc135spay.jpg|The same plane in action|thumb]]

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Supporters of the 1990ies chemtrail hypothesis believe certain substances - which are not described in detail - were mixed with the jet fuel in order to create an effect on the global climate, especially the greenhouse effect. Other conspiracy theorists believe it is part of a world wide program to reduce the global population, or for birth or even mind control. Behind these programs were, according to the chemtrail groups, the [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]], the [[Illuminati]] or a Jewish conspiracy. There are often ties to extremist right groups, "brown [[esotericism]]" and supporters of [[cloudbuster]], [[colloidal silver]] and [[Zapper|zappers]] according to [[Hulda Clark]]. Typical supporters of the chemtrail hypothesis are [[Georg Ritschl]], [[Werner Altnickel]], [[Peter Platte]], [[Helmut Gobsch]], [[Heinz Gerhard Vogelsang]], [[Don Croft]] and [[Rosalie Bertell]]. In Germany, extreme right political party NPD started an inquiry of ''chemtrails'' in the parliament of the federal state of Saxony. The issue of chemtrails is often used as a catch in the right wing scene.

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Supporters of the 1990ies chemtrail hypothesis believe certain substances - which are not described in detail - were mixed with the jet fuel in order to create an effect on the global climate, especially the greenhouse effect. Other conspiracy theorists believe it is part of a world wide program to reduce the global population, or for birth or even mind control. Behind these programs were, according to the chemtrail groups, the [[Freemasonry|Freemasons]], the [[Illuminati]] or a Jewish conspiracy. There are often ties to extremist right groups, "brown [[esotericism]]" and supporters of [[cloudbuster]], [[colloidal silver]] and [[Zapper|zappers]] according to [[Hulda Clark]]. Typical supporters of the chemtrail hypothesis are Georg Ritschl, Werner Altnickel, Peter Platte, Helmut Gobsch, Heinz Gerhard Vogelsang, [[Don Croft]] and [[Rosalie Bertell]]. In Germany, extreme right political party NPD started an inquiry of ''chemtrails'' in the parliament of the federal state of Saxony. The issue of chemtrails is often used as a catch in the right wing scene.

Fallacious and unsupported assumptions are often promoted in the esoteric Swiss publication "Zeitenschrift"<ref>Zeitenschrift issue 49, 2006</ref>, in "Neue Impulse Treff" network associated with [[Scientology]], and by the esoteric-libertarian association "live Net Concept 2010". A popular photographic "proof" of alleged chemtrail operations can be seen in the picture on the right: A modified Boeing NKC-135A Stratotanker (717-100) with the number 17244, stationed at Edwards AFB in California.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?cnsearch=17244&distinct_entry=true</ref> It sprays water to test the flight quality of planes under icing conditions. Tests are done on various kinds of planes, such as fighter jets<ref>[http://www.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/040213-F-9999M-002.jpg USAF picture of icing experiment on a fighter jet]</ref> or a Embraer EMB-120RT.<ref>http://aircrafticing.grc.nasa.gov/courses/inflight_icing/resources/pdf/monroe_accident_report.pdf</ref> That plane has been decommissioned meanwhile.

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Contrails (also called Ice-SuperSaturated Regions(ISSR)) are visible clouds of liquid (condensed) or frozen water droplets which form when hot exhaust streams of airplanes meet cold air under certain circumstances. Decompression causes cooling and condensation, as can be seen when a bottle of sparkling wine is opened. "Fog" appears above the liquid. The same process plays a major role in the creation of clouds and rain in the atmosphere.

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Some forms of clouds caused by planes appear without the interference of any exhaust gasses, for example ''winglet-contrails'' which can be observed by flight passengers at the wing tips of planes under certain conditions, even at low altitudes. Typical turbofan exhaust temperatures are at 600 K approximately.

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Some forms of clouds caused by planes appear without the interference of any exhaust gasses, for example ''winglet-contrails'' which can be observed by flight passengers at the wing tips of planes under certain conditions, even at low altitudes. Typical turbofan exhaust temperatures are at 600 K approximately.

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The formation of contrails can be explained physically: Generally water gets visible in the air when relative humidity (number of water droplets in relation to temperature of the air) exceeds 100%. The warmer the air is, the more water ~~vapor~~ it can hold. Modern planes travel at high altitudes where temperatures are very cold. Cold air can only hold small amounts of water. Water is created chemically when jet fuel is burnt, and exits the engines as an invisible gas. The surrounding cold air rapidly cools down the hot exhaust gas, and after a few metres (depending on temperature and humidity) causes the water to crystallize, forming the contrail. The contrail remains visible until water crystals are dispersed to the point where humidity drops below 100%. In a high pressure area with low humidity this happens rather fast, and no contrail at all forms when temperatures are high enough in the summer, like it is often the case in southern Europe for example. In the Arctic and Antarctic, however, contrails can sometimes form even at ground level.

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The formation of contrails can be explained physically: Generally water gets visible in the air when relative humidity (number of water droplets in relation to temperature of the air) exceeds 100%. The warmer the air is, the more water vapour it can hold. Modern planes travel at high altitudes where temperatures are very cold. Cold air can only hold small amounts of water. Water is created chemically when jet fuel is burnt, and exits the engines as an invisible gas. The surrounding cold air rapidly cools down the hot exhaust gas, and after a few metres (depending on temperature and humidity) causes the water to crystallize, forming the contrail. The contrail remains visible until water crystals are dispersed to the point where humidity drops below 100%. In a high pressure area with low humidity this happens rather fast, and no contrail at all forms when temperatures are high enough in the summer, like it is often the case in southern Europe for example. In the Arctic and Antarctic, however, contrails can sometimes form even at ground level.

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At certain weather conditions contrails can expand, remain visible for hours, or gather more clouds to the point where it starts to rain. Supporters of the chemtrail hypothesis then claim the plane ''made'' the bad weather. In reality it is exactly the other way around. Persistent contrails indicate upcoming bad weather, because low pressure areas typically come with high humidity, and the additional water (water ~~vapor~~ from the exhaust gas) is more than the air can absorb, and thus it will remain visible as fog or clouds. Sometimes chemtrail supporters ask why the "spraying" has stopped. A quick look at the weather map helps: Usually there is a stable high pressure area with low humidity. Then, as soon as a low pressure area approaches, the ''chemtrail reports'' will come in again. Generally contrails appear at temperatures below -35°C, depending on altitude and humidity.

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At certain weather conditions contrails can expand, remain visible for hours, or gather more clouds to the point where it starts to rain. Supporters of the chemtrail hypothesis then claim the plane ''made'' the bad weather. In reality it is exactly the other way around. Persistent contrails indicate upcoming bad weather, because low pressure areas typically come with high humidity, and the additional water (water vapour from the exhaust gas) is more than the air can absorb, and thus it will remain visible as fog or clouds. Sometimes chemtrail supporters ask why the "spraying" has stopped. A quick look at the weather map helps: Usually there is a stable high pressure area with low humidity. Then, as soon as a low pressure area approaches, the ''chemtrail reports'' will come in again. Generally contrails appear at temperatures below -35°C, depending on altitude and humidity.

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*'''Short contrails''' form at an altitude of about 10kms, if temperatures of the tropopause (10-~~15km~~) are about -50°C with a humidity below 70%. Ice crystals form, but sublimate after a few seconds and become invisible.

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*'''Short contrails''' form at an altitude of about 10kms, if temperatures of the tropopause (10-15 km) are about -50°C with a humidity below 70%. Ice crystals form, but sublimate after a few seconds and become invisible.

*'''Persistent contrails''' which may expand and even lead to the formation of artificial cirrus clouds will form when the tropopause reaches a humidity of between 80-100%.<ref>http://www.welt.de/print-welt/article217386/Weisse_Streifen__am_Himmel.html</ref><ref>http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1942/naca-wr-l-474.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/envi1200/slides/Chapter%209.pdf</ref>

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*'''No contrails at all''' even at high altitudes when temperatures close to the ground increase to 25°C or above in summer, and temperatures of the lower tropopause (10-~~12km~~) reach -40°C and below, with a humidity below 30%. This is what happens in ''chemtrail free'' southern Europe in summer. Below a humidity of 25% at ~~10kms~~ altitude, no ice crystals will form.

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*'''No contrails at all''' even at high altitudes when temperatures close to the ground increase to 25°C or above in summer, and temperatures of the lower tropopause (10-12 km) reach -40°C and below, with a humidity below 30%. This is what happens in ''chemtrail free'' southern Europe in summer. Below a humidity of 25% at 10 kms altitude, no ice crystals will form.

During daytime, contrails will cover about 0.7% of the sky over Europe during the course of the year, at night (when contrails have an insulating effect) they will cover about 0.25%. On average they will cover about 0.5% of the sky.

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When a plane flies through the not always straight and level (but wavy) border between warmer and colder air, it may appear as if contrails are turned off or on suddenly, even repeatedly in case of turbulences. Air warms quicker over large dark (tarmac) surfaces than over wet meadows, and begins to rise, forming bubbles or "chimneys" of warm air. Different thermal phenomena can exist next to each other. This results in the typical hops and bumps pilots of small airplanes experience. When contrails persist long enough, their form will get changed by winds and turbulences - just like regular clouds. Different ~~colors~~ are the result of refraction and reflection of sunlight. Chemtrail believers' sites display these aspects as unnatural and evidence of chemicals. But they can actually be explained naturally, and in consistence with our knowledge of meteorology and physics, requiring no additional hypotheses or conspiracy theories.

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When a plane flies through the not always straight and level (but wavy) border between warmer and colder air, it may appear as if contrails are turned off or on suddenly, even repeatedly in case of turbulences. Air warms quicker over large dark (tarmac) surfaces than over wet meadows, and begins to rise, forming bubbles or "chimneys" of warm air. Different thermal phenomena can exist next to each other. This results in the typical hops and bumps pilots of small airplanes experience. When contrails persist long enough, their form will get changed by winds and turbulences - just like regular clouds. Different colours are the result of refraction and reflection of sunlight. Chemtrail believers' sites display these aspects as unnatural and evidence of chemicals. But they can actually be explained naturally, and in consistence with our knowledge of meteorology and physics, requiring no additional hypotheses or conspiracy theories.

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Such pictures of clouds which, according to supporters of the chemtrail hypothesis, are evidence of sprayed chemicals, are photographically documented since well before the first powered flight of the Wright brothers, for example in the 1905 book ''Clouds studies''.<ref>Clayden aW: http://contrailscience.com/files/Cloud_Studies.pdf</ref> The first actual contrails were recorded shortly after World War I<ref>http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/049/mwr-049-07-0412c.pdf</ref><ref>Everett Wells: Article in Scientific American, ”Clouds formed by Airplanes“, 7.6.1919, page 60</ref>, when more powerful planes reached ever higher altitudes. The first report of a contrail is based on a flight of pilot Franz Zeno Diemer at an altitude of 9,300 m over Munich in 1919.

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Such pictures of clouds which, according to supporters of the chemtrail hypothesis, are evidence of sprayed chemicals, are photographically documented since well before the first powered flight of the Wright brothers, for example in the 1905 book ''Clouds studies''.<ref>Clayden aW: http://contrailscience.com/files/Cloud_Studies.pdf</ref> The first actual contrails were recorded shortly after World War I,<ref>http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/049/mwr-049-07-0412c.pdf</ref><ref>Everett Wells: Article in Scientific American, ”Clouds formed by Airplanes“, 7.6.1919, page 60</ref> when more powerful planes reached ever higher altitudes. The first report of a contrail is based on a flight of pilot Franz Zeno Diemer at an altitude of 9,300 m over Munich in 1919.

==Distrails==

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*Pathogens, genetically modified microbes of unknown kinds

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Aluminum and barium are insoluble in kerosene, but there are compounds of either element which are. However, even small traces of these are easily detected by modern analytic methods (e.g. ICP or AAS). Furthermore neither the application of aluminum nor that of barium make sense from a chemical or physiological point of view (especially regarding the desired harm). Aluminum is covered with an oxide layer, rendering it mostly inert. Barium, on the other hand, is so reactive it cannot be used here. It would react immediately and violently with humidity and oxygen (creating barium hydroxide). Barium sulfate is harmless physiologically and insoluble in water. It has no bioavailability, hence it is administered orally as radio-opaque substance for x-rays. Teutonium is not one of the known elements. Whether pathogenic germs, ~~bacterias~~, spores, vaccines etc. will remain stable under the existing conditions remains disputable.

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Aluminum and barium are insoluble in kerosene, but there are compounds of either element which are. However, even small traces of these are easily detected by modern analytic methods (e.g. ICP or AAS). Furthermore neither the application of aluminum nor that of barium make sense from a chemical or physiological point of view (especially regarding the desired harm). Aluminum is covered with an oxide layer, rendering it mostly inert. Barium, on the other hand, is so reactive it cannot be used here. It would react immediately and violently with humidity and oxygen (creating barium hydroxide). Barium sulfate is harmless physiologically and insoluble in water. It has no bioavailability, hence it is administered orally as radio-opaque substance for x-rays. Teutonium is not one of the known elements. Whether pathogenic germs, bacteria, spores, vaccines, etc. will remain stable under the existing conditions remains disputable.

So far none of the aforementioned substances was identified clearly in contrails or jet exhaust fumes.

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==Chemtrail and weather radar==

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Supporters of the chemtrail conspiracy theory occasionally claim there were strange signals on the weather radars of meteorological services which seem to be ''ghost clouds''. On July 19th 2005 e.g., the radar screens of German Weather Service (DWD) showed a small compact cloud formation at the north sea coast of the Netherlands which looked like rain. Within two hours the radar showed a 300 km long cloud strip, reaching from the East Frisian Islands down to the northern Ruhr Area. But at the same time no clouds were visible, neither from the ground nor on satellite images, nor anything that might look like a mass of contrails. In this case, as well as in similar ones, ''chaffs'' (''Rapid Bloom Chaff(RBC))'' had been dispersed as part of a military exercise. Chaffs are small metal threads that reflect radar waves and disturb radar<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,445727,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.presse.uni-karlsruhe.de/6428.php</ref>. Supporters of the chemtrail idea cannot be talking about chaff. Even they do not claim a correlation between supposed chemtrail sightings and strange radar echoes.

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Supporters of the chemtrail conspiracy theory occasionally claim there were strange signals on the weather radars of meteorological services which seem to be ''ghost clouds''. On July 19th 2005 e.g., the radar screens of German Weather Service (DWD) showed a small compact cloud formation at the north sea coast of the Netherlands which looked like rain. Within two hours the radar showed a 300 km long cloud strip, reaching from the East Frisian Islands down to the northern Ruhr Area. But at the same time no clouds were visible, neither from the ground nor on satellite images, nor anything that might look like a mass of contrails. In this case, as well as in similar ones, ''chaffs'' (''Rapid Bloom Chaff(RBC))'' had been dispersed as part of a military exercise. Chaffs are small metal threads that reflect radar waves and disturb radar<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/0,1518,445727,00.html</ref><ref>http://www.presse.uni-karlsruhe.de/6428.php</ref>. Supporters of the chemtrail idea cannot be talking about chaff. Even they do not claim a correlation between supposed chemtrail sightings and strange radar echoes.

==Logical counter arguments==

A world wide secret program for creating artificial contrails coordinated by the UN, like chemtrail believers proclaim, must be kept secret by a large number of adept people who at the same time break the law. This group would involve aircraft crews, manufacturers of technologies and means used, ground crews, and airport employees. Chemtrail Supporters like Platte even claim several pilots were fired for refusing participation in this hypothetical chemtrail project. However, not a single one of them has come forth as a whistle blower as of now.

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To achieve a concentration of 1 mg of a specific substance per square metre, one must disperse 1 kg of that substance per square km. Europe has an area of 10.5 million square kms, requiring 10,500 tons of that substance for a single spraying event. A typical large aircraft, such as the Boeing KC-135, has a maximum load of 85 tons of fuel<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker</ref>. Therfore 123 aircraft of this type were needed to get the job done, if every plane only flew once. The surface of the whole earth is about 510 million square kms, and 510,000 tons of material were needed for a single spraying, equaling 6,000 tankers. These figures require the use of the pure substance. If the substance had to be diluted, however, (for example 1:9) then 5,100,000 tons of the spraying solution are required, equaling 60,000 Phantom tankers. This is 3.2 times the official number of jets worldwide.

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To achieve a concentration of 1 mg of a specific substance per square metre, one must disperse 1 kg of that substance per square km. Europe has an area of 10.5 million square kms, requiring 10,500 tons of that substance for a single spraying event. A typical large aircraft, such as the Boeing KC-135, has a maximum load of 85 tons of fuel<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker</ref>. Therfore 123 aircraft of this type were needed to get the job done, if every plane only flew once. The surface of the whole earth is about 510 million square kms, and 510,000 tons of material were needed for a single spraying, equaling 6,000 tankers. These figures require the use of the pure substance. If the substance had to be diluted, however, (for example 1:9) then 5,100,000 tons of the spraying solution are required, equaling 60,000 Phantom tankers. This is 3.2 times the official number of jets worldwide.

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Another argument against the chemtrail hypothesis is the fact that the number of foggy days in Europe has been receding since the 1970ies until today (2009). This is based on an examination of data from 342 weather stations across Europe and was published in "Nature Geoscience" by scientists around Robert Vautard. The decrease in fog is based on advanced filtering technologies in power plants which cut back sulfur dioxide emissions. Cleaner air is clearer air. And because of that more sunlight reaches the ground<ref>http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ngeo414.html</ref><ref>http://www.welt.de/welt_print/article3050704/Der-Nebel-ueber-Europa-zieht-langsam-ab.html</ref>.

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Another argument against the chemtrail hypothesis is the fact that the number of foggy days in Europe has been receding since the 1970ies until today (2009). This is based on an examination of data from 342 weather stations across Europe and was published in "Nature Geoscience" by scientists around Robert Vautard. The decrease in fog is based on advanced filtering technologies in power plants which cut back sulfur dioxide emissions. Cleaner air is clearer air. And because of that more sunlight reaches the ground.<ref>http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ngeo414.html</ref><ref>http://www.welt.de/welt_print/article3050704/Der-Nebel-ueber-Europa-zieht-langsam-ab.html</ref>

==Chemtrails in Goethe's times==

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In February 2008, chemtrail-proponent and internet message board moderator [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Peter_Platte Peter Platte] produced a photo of uncertain origin (supposedly from a Vietnam war veteran) showing the interior of a ''chemtrail bomber'' (The 'Vietnam veteran' refers to a ''Tim White'', a widely used reference in chemtrail circles. This ''Tim White'' is Timothy Patrick White, born on March 5th, 1947, a resident of Denver (Colorado). He is a fundamental Christian ''US patriot'', well-known proponent of confused conspiracy theories who uses several pseudonyms and was sentenced for possession of narcotics and stalking).

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Platte wrote in this message board: ''[...] this is simply a sensation. This photo is the dream of every ct-activist. We have been waiting for this for years and it looks like there are more disclosures to come. Judging from the plane's interior measures it seems to be a Boeing KC 767 of the US-Air Force, one of 200. Up to now we only knew that chemicals used for spraying were filled in containers by UN inspectors at manufacturers' sites, with containers sealed and shipped to the different operating sites afterwards. Now we also know what these containers look like and how they are connected in series and linked to the elect. system for controlling. I still can hardly believe that we now have a photo that is clear evidence of how spraying is done and how the system works. A really big 'Thank you' to the former Air Force Pilot who provided the photo. Peter [...]'' Other board members added: ''[...]That's the critter from inside. One can spot words like "SPRAYER 1" and "HAZARD INSIDE". Creepy.[...] Great picture, no doubt!!''

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Platte wrote in this message board: ''[...] this is simply a sensation. This photo is the dream of every ct-activist. We have been waiting for this for years and it looks like there are more disclosures to come. Judging from the plane's interior measures it seems to be a Boeing KC 767 of the US-Air Force, one of 200. Up to now we only knew that chemicals used for spraying were filled in containers by UN inspectors at manufacturers' sites, with containers sealed and shipped to the different operating sites afterwards. Now we also know what these containers look like and how they are connected in series and linked to the elect. system for controlling. I still can hardly believe that we now have a photo that is clear evidence of how spraying is done and how the system works. A really big 'Thank you' to the former Air Force Pilot who provided the photo. Peter [...]'' Other board members added: ''[...]That's the critter from inside. One can spot words like "SPRAYER 1" and "HAZARD INSIDE". Creepy.[...] Great picture, no doubt!!''

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The picture, however, was a simple fake of a copyrighted photo and can be openly found on the internet.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/photo/Boeing/Boeing-777-240-LR/0855967/L/</ref> According to her own accounts, a user of the Freigeistforum (free thinker board) called ''fighthamster'' simply added fake inscriptions to two pictures of a Boeing 777 passenger jet which, in the course of approval procedures, was equipped with measurement devices and water containers serving as dead weight. Platte, being totally uncritical and gullible, was embarrassed because he did not even notice the regular portholes that were visible in the photo. The website[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=ENR ENR] expanded this wild fantasy around the bogus photo even further: The dead-weight containers (in reality adapted beer casks) on the photos were, according to user united-mutations, ''tanks'' sealed by manufacturers under supervision of UN inspectors. The planes allegedly were altered to chemtrail sprayers in a secret place called Pinal Airpark(Arizona), under supervision of the CIA, and had been in use worldwide since November 1998(with the notable exception of China). Time White would be the source of this entertaining slip-slop. A so-called Ted Twietmeyer (tedtw@frontiernet.net) claimed something similar at rense.com but at least recognized the picture was a fake. Pinal Airpark (ICAO-identifier: KMZJ; IATA: MZJ) was used by the CIA during the Vietnam war and now is an aircraft cemetery (storage space for discarded planes). Most of the planes there are from Northwest Airlines.<ref>http://www.pbase.com/bruceleibowitz/mzj</ref>

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The picture, however, was a simple fake of a copyrighted photo and can be openly found on the internet.<ref>http://www.airliners.net/photo/Boeing/Boeing-777-240-LR/0855967/L/</ref> According to her own accounts, a user of the Freigeistforum (free thinker board) called ''fighthamster'' simply added fake inscriptions to two pictures of a Boeing 777 passenger jet which, in the course of approval procedures, was equipped with measurement devices and water containers serving as dead weight. Platte, being totally uncritical and gullible, was embarrassed because he did not even notice the regular portholes that were visible in the photo. The website[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=ENR ENR] expanded this wild fantasy around the bogus photo even further: The dead-weight containers (in reality adapted beer casks) on the photos were, according to user united-mutations, ''tanks'' sealed by manufacturers under supervision of UN inspectors. The planes allegedly were altered to chemtrail sprayers in a secret place called Pinal Airpark(Arizona), under supervision of the CIA, and had been in use worldwide since November 1998(with the notable exception of China). Time White would be the source of this entertaining slip-slop. A so-called Ted Twietmeyer (tedtw@frontiernet.net) claimed something similar at rense.com but at least recognized the picture was a fake. Pinal Airpark (ICAO-identifier: KMZJ; IATA: MZJ) was used by the CIA during the Vietnam war and now is an aircraft cemetery (storage space for discarded planes). Most of the planes there are from Northwest Airlines.<ref>http://www.pbase.com/bruceleibowitz/mzj</ref>

[[image:muennich.jpg|D. Münnichs invention: Cloud pictures from 1944 claimed to show Iraq war in 2003|500px|thumb]]

The [[Ryke_Geerd_Hamer|Hamer]] follower [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=David_Münnich David Münnich] is another source of forged pictures. He was born 1982, lives in Saarbrücken and works as a web designer. He is to be credited that photos taken during the Ardennes Offensive in 1944 are presented as taken in Iraq war in 2003. This demonstrates the shortcomings of arguing without giving verifiable sources.

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Besides airy hypotheses (which are not backed by any facts) and faked or manipulated pictures, often the national- as well as international chemtrail-scene typically presents pictures showing aircrafts while ''spraying chemtrails'', even though such pictures neither allow to correctly identify the type of aircraft nor to interpret them. The aim is to impress gullible viewers and laypersons through misinterpretations and disinformation. At the same time this is used boost sales of products like books, DVDs, seminars and lectures.

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Especially reliable, verifiable references including dates are almost always missing in the scene. Two typical examples for such pictures missing references are displayed on the right side: A simple internet search reveals the source of the pictures though (left side). Usually they show aircrafts generating smoke trails for the study of air eddies or fire-fighting or other planes spraying water for studying ~~iceing~~ of aircrafts following . There are a lot of pictures and extensive descriptions of such experiment in the internet.

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Especially reliable, verifiable references including dates are almost always missing in the scene. Two typical examples for such pictures missing references are displayed on the right side: A simple internet search reveals the source of the pictures though (left side). Usually they show aircrafts generating smoke trails for the study of air eddies or fire-fighting or other planes spraying water for studying icing of aircrafts following. There are a lot of pictures and extensive descriptions of such experiment in the internet.

==Reactions to the Chemtrail hypotheses and Scientific View==

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Neither is there any evidence for chem trails nor are their proponents able to produce such. Also, quite a number of logical reasons contradict their possible existence. Condensation trails are a phenomena well reviewed and technical articles on this go back to the 1940s. Already the NASA-precesessor, NACA, examined this phenomena because of their military relevance for locating aircrafts in ~~WW II~~. In a document from 1942 (decades before the chemtrail hypotheses) NACA-researchers named the meteorological circumstances responsible for the formation of ''persistent contrails''. So far no evidence proving the existence of aluminum or barium in condensation trails or aircraft fuel could be given. The Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH (German Air Traffic control) confirmed that no conspicuous or remarkable air activity has been observed that could be linked with the things described in „Raum & Zeit". The Deutsche Wetterdienst (German Meteorological Service) informed that their data don't show any specifics that would indicate some irregular forms of condensation trails.

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Neither is there any evidence for chem trails nor are their proponents able to produce such. Also, quite a number of logical reasons contradict their possible existence. Condensation trails are a phenomena well reviewed and technical articles on this go back to the 1940s. Already the NASA-precesessor, NACA, examined this phenomena because of their military relevance for locating aircrafts in WWII. In a document from 1942 (decades before the chemtrail hypotheses) NACA-researchers named the meteorological circumstances responsible for the formation of ''persistent contrails''. So far no evidence proving the existence of aluminum or barium in condensation trails or aircraft fuel could be given. The Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH (German Air Traffic control) confirmed that no conspicuous or remarkable air activity has been observed that could be linked with the things described in „Raum & Zeit". The Deutsche Wetterdienst (German Meteorological Service) informed that their data don't show any specifics that would indicate some irregular forms of condensation trails.

Also, the Bundesministerium der Verteidigung (German Federal Ministry of Defence) has no further information. The headquarters of the US-Air Force Europe informed that the projects of the US Air Force described don’t exist, neither now nor in the past. Greenpeace as well as the Umweltbundesamt (UBA, German Federal Environment Agency) regard the chemtrail-theory as dubious. The UBA even inquired the World Health Organization (WHO) about alleged risk analysis on potential consequences of chemtrails that had supposedly been conducted by the WHO. The WHO affirmed that it neither had any knowledge about chemtrails nor that it had done any studies on the subject. The phenomena described are also unknown to the Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR, German Aerospace Center). Since many years, the DLR's Institute of Atmosphere Physics examines the effects of air traffic emissions on the atmosphere - including numerous measurements of gas- and particle emissions of commercial aircrafts. Neither is the German Meteorological Service able to detect anomalies in their data indicating special ''chemtrail''-forms of condensation trails. The German federal government commented in 2004 also on chemtrails: Excerpt from an answer (reference: Deutscher Bundestag Drucksache 15/3694<ref>http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/15/036/1503694.pdf</ref>) of the Federal Government given to Herbert Frankenhauser (member of parliament, party: CSU): [...]Question: ''Are so-called chemtrails (chemical traces sprayed by aircrafts) released for researching of the reduction of global warming over the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany? '' Reply of the Parliamentary State Secretary Simone Probst from September, 8th 2004: ''The Federal Government has no knowledge regarding aircrafts releasing so-called chemtrails in the atmosphere in Europe.''

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The NPD, a German far right party, felt compelled to issue a parliamentary inquiry in the Saxonian state assembly regarding chemtrials. Often, right-wing activists use the chemtrail-"problem" to hook uninformed (especially overstrained and afraid of life) persons and get them closer to antisemitic writings and right-wing opinions.

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In January 2009 the local group of Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen (German ecological party) in Glashütten (population ~~5500~~) published an outrageously disinforming pamphlet on chemtrails on their web site [http://www.gruene-glashuetten.de/index.php?dom=1&lang=22&p=74]. Titled ''The destruction of the sky by chemtrails'', it claimed that the population would be poisoned from aircrafts by barium, aluminum and ''Sulfur'' [this word is not the correct term in German and most probably the result of translating without understanding]. Neither witnesses nor any reliable evidence were given to back these outrageous, allegedly billion-costing accusations, allegedly costing billions. When asked via e-mail, the operator of the web site could also not answer the question how these alleged ~~poisontrails~~ could be proved.

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In January 2009 the local group of Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (German ecological party) in Glashütten (population 5,500) published an outrageously disinforming pamphlet on chemtrails on their web site [http://www.gruene-glashuetten.de/index.php?dom=1&lang=22&p=74]. Titled ''The destruction of the sky by chemtrails'', it claimed that the population would be poisoned from aircrafts by barium, aluminum and ''Sulfur'' [this word is not the correct term in German and most probably the result of translating without understanding]. Neither witnesses nor any reliable evidence were given to back these outrageous, allegedly billion-costing accusations, allegedly costing billions. When asked via e-mail, the operator of the web site could also not answer the question how these alleged poison trails could be proved.

==Chemtrail-courses at the VHS (adult education center) Oldenburg==

[[image:AltnickelVHS.jpg|VHS-course announcement in the internet|300px|thumb]]

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Since at least since March 2008, the solar-collector assembler [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Werner_Altnickel Werner Altnickel] was allowed to give lectures at the VHS Oldenburg on the pseudo-scientific conspiracy theory of chemtrails and the ionospheric research program [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=HAARP HAARP] for a paying audience. After paying 12 EUR, the course participants learn how HAARP allegedly acts as "ionospheric heater", "opens" ozone holes, "directs storms" and creates tsunamis and earthquakes.<ref>Volkshochschule Oldenburg, Kursprogramm Ratgeber und Praxis, Natur (Courses 'Guidebook and praxis, nature'). Die Macht über das Wetter - Chemische und elektromagnetische Wettermanipulationen (Weather at disposal – Chemical and electromagnetic weather manipulations). According to the opinion of the speaker, since more than 55 years health- and live-damaging weather manipulations take place. In 1977, in Geneva the ENMOD-convention on outlawing artificial earthquakes and tsunamis, the selective opening of ozone holes, the directing of storms and the electrical manipulation of the ionosphere etc was worked out. In 1998 the EU met to outlaw installations like the »ionosphere heater« HAARP, without success. Werner Altnickel. One-time presentation (4 lessons), Tuesday, February 16,2010, 7pm - 10pm. Meeting place: Wilhelm- Kempin-Str. 55 , 25 participants, € 12 , Kursnummer X19500. Volkshochschule Oldenburg e.V. - Telefon: (0441) 92391-0 , Telefax: (0441) 92391-13 E-Mail: info@vhsol.de, Internet: www.vhs-ol.de , Wallstraße 17 (Am Waffenplatz) 26122 Oldenburg</ref><ref>http://reflexion.blogsport.de/tag/chemtrail</ref> Altnickel is neither meteorologist nor geophysicist and therefore utters layperson speculations. Beginning of 2010 it became known that the department head of the VHS, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Claudia_Grove Claudia Grove], who is responsible for administering the courses of the VHS, personally lobbied for including the absurd conspiracy theories of Altnickel in the courses offered at the VHS Oldenburg. In an e-mail addressed to a person complaining about spreading such conspiracy theories by abusing a public institution Grove said: ''Dear Mr. XXX, in your e-mail of January, 17th you showed that you are an attentive reader of our course program. Of course we are really glad about this and are open to critical comments. Of course it belongs to the duties of an adult education center to inform about debatable themes. This includes information about chemtrails, the existence of which is indisputable. We were surprised, though, that you expressed such a keen critic without revealing yourself. Kind regards, Claudia Grove''

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Since at least since March 2008, the solar-collector assembler [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Werner_Altnickel Werner Altnickel] was allowed to give lectures at the VHS Oldenburg on the pseudo-scientific conspiracy theory of chemtrails and the ionospheric research program [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=HAARP HAARP] for a paying audience. After paying 12 EUR, the course participants learn how HAARP allegedly acts as "ionospheric heater", "opens" ozone holes, "directs storms" and creates tsunamis and earthquakes.<ref>Volkshochschule Oldenburg, Kursprogramm Ratgeber und Praxis, Natur (Courses 'Guidebook and praxis, nature'). Die Macht über das Wetter - Chemische und elektromagnetische Wettermanipulationen (Weather at disposal – Chemical and electromagnetic weather manipulations). According to the opinion of the speaker, since more than 55 years health- and live-damaging weather manipulations take place. In 1977, in Geneva the ENMOD-convention on outlawing artificial earthquakes and tsunamis, the selective opening of ozone holes, the directing of storms and the electrical manipulation of the ionosphere etc was worked out. In 1998 the EU met to outlaw installations like the »ionosphere heater« HAARP, without success. Werner Altnickel. One-time presentation (4 lessons), Tuesday, February 16,2010, 7pm - 10pm. Meeting place: Wilhelm- Kempin-Str. 55 , 25 participants, € 12 , Kursnummer X19500. Volkshochschule Oldenburg e.V. - Telefon: (0441) 92391-0 , Telefax: (0441) 92391-13 E-Mail: info@vhsol.de, Internet: www.vhs-ol.de , Wallstraße 17 (Am Waffenplatz) 26122 Oldenburg</ref><ref>http://reflexion.blogsport.de/tag/chemtrail</ref> Altnickel is neither meteorologist nor geophysicist and therefore utters layperson speculations. Beginning of 2010 it became known that the department head of the VHS, [http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Claudia_Grove Claudia Grove], who is responsible for administering the courses of the VHS, personally lobbied for including the absurd conspiracy theories of Altnickel in the courses offered at the VHS Oldenburg. In an e-mail addressed to a person complaining about spreading such conspiracy theories by abusing a public institution Grove said: ''Dear Mr. XXX, in your e-mail of January, 17th you showed that you are an attentive reader of our course program. Of course we are really glad about this and are open to critical comments. Of course it belongs to the duties of an adult education center to inform about debatable themes. This includes information about chemtrails, the existence of which is indisputable. We were surprised, though, that you expressed such a keen critic without revealing yourself. Kind regards, Claudia Grove''

==Literature==

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==German Weblinks==

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*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Chemtrails#cite_note-34 German version used as base for this article]

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*[http://www.psiram.com/ge/index.php?title=Chemtrails#cite_note-34 German version used as base for this article]

*[http://www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/3574.pdf Hintergrundpapier des Umweltbundesamtes zu Chemtrails]

*[http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/aktuelles/presse/faq-haeufig-gestellte-fragen/welche-rolle-spielen-kondensstreifen-fuer-unser-klima.html Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie: Welche Rolle spielen Kondensstreifen für unser Klima?]*http://www.martin-wagner.org/anti-chemtrails.htm

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'''Note:''' It would have been impossible to collect the information for this article without references provided by internet message board users that deal with this chemtrail-phantasm in their spare time. We want to thank them explicitely.

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[[category:Conspiracy theory]]

[[category:Pseudoscience]]

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~~[[category:Conspiracy theory]]~~

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