Changes

<pre>Article is in translation and unfinished</pre>

<pre>Article is in translation and unfinished</pre>

[[image:Rossi_Focardi.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (picture "La Repubblica")|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_Focardi.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (picture "La Repubblica")|thumb]]

The '''Rossi Focardi Energy Amplifier''' (also ''E-Cat'' or ''Rossi Energy Catalyzer'' or just ''Rossi energy amplifier'') allegedly is a small fusion reactor assumed to be based on [[Cold Fusion]]. The Italian company EON&nbsp;srl claim they plan to market it in 2011. It allegedly produces more than 10&nbsp;kW thermal energy while needing just a couple of 100 Watts of electrical energy to power it. According to the Italian inventors, Professor emeritus in physics Sergio Focardi and the alleged engineer Andrea Rossi<ref>Rossi: ''I am a doctor in the Philosophy of Science and Engineering from the Universita’ Degli Studi Di Milano''</ref>, a cold fusion <ref>Andrea Rossi in his patent application, Page 12: ''the reaction actually provides a true nuclear cold fusion.''</ref> of hydrogen and nickel to copper is taking place in the reactor. As a side-effect of the reaction ionizing radiation should be emitted, but independent measurement during the experiments disproved that.<ref>http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf</ref> Attempts to replicate the experiment independently failed so far. The last public presentation was mid-January 2011.

The '''Focardi Rossi Energy Amplifier''' (also ''E-Cat'' or ''Rossi Energy Catalyzer'' or just ''Rossi energy amplifier'') is an alleged compact fusion reactor based on an assumed [[Cold Fusion]] technology. Italian company EON&nbsp;srl plans to bring it to market in 2011. While allegedly using no more than several hundred Watts in electrical heating energy, it is said to emit a heat output capacity of more than 10&nbsp;kW. According to Italian inventors, Professor emeritus in physics Sergio Focardi and alleged engineer Andrea Rossi<ref>Rossi: ''I am a doctor in the Philosophy of Science and Engineering from the Universita’ Degli Studi Di Milano''</ref>, cold fusion <ref>Andrea Rossi in his patent application, Page 12: ''the reaction actually provides a true nuclear cold fusion.''</ref> of hydrogen and nickel was taking place in the reactor, leading to the formation of copper. As a side-effect of the reaction, ionizing radiation is said to be emitted, which was disproved by independent parties.<ref>http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf</ref> So far, attempts to replicate the experiment independently failed. The latest public presentation took place in mid-January 2011.

The true inventor of the principle was the Italian biophysicist Francesco Piantelli in 1989, who filed a patent application in 2010.<ref>WO 2010058288 A1: METHOD FOR PRODUCING ENERGY AND APPARATUS THEREFOR. 2010-05-27. Erfinder: PIANTELLI SILVIA; PIANTELLI FRANCESCO</ref> Rossi, who himself tries to patent his invention, does not acknowledge that:

The actual inventor of the principle was Italian biophysicist Francesco Piantelli in 1989 who filed a patent application on it in 2010.<ref>WO 2010058288 A1: METHOD FOR PRODUCING ENERGY AND APPARATUS THEREFOR. 2010-05-27. Erfinder: PIANTELLI SILVIA; PIANTELLI FRANCESCO</ref> Rossi, who also attempts to have his inventioned patented, does not acknowledge that:

:''"My process has nothing to do with the process of Piantelli. The proof is that I am making operating reactors, he is not."''

:''"My process has nothing to do with the process of Piantelli. The proof is that I am making operating reactors, he is not."''

==Purported functional principle==

==Purported functional principle==

[[image:FAE3.jpg|Andrea Rossi and the reactor (demonstration january 14, 2011, Source: [http://curiositybox.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/bologna-14111-cronaca-test-fusione-fredda-del-reattore-nichel-idrogeno-focardi-rossi/ Curiosity-Blog])|350px|thumb]]

[[image:FAE3.jpg|Andrea Rossi and the reactor (demonstration january 14, 2011, Source: [http://curiositybox.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/bologna-14111-cronaca-test-fusione-fredda-del-reattore-nichel-idrogeno-focardi-rossi/ Curiosity-Blog])|350px|thumb]]

All currently known information about the "Rossi Focardi Energy Amplifier" are provided by inventors, a patent application by Rossi, YouTube videos and statements from a couple of physicists who tried to replicate the principle. There is no noteworthy reception by the international physics community so far and an attempt of inventors to publish an article about their device in a renowned professional journal failed. Only a few physicists reacted with blog entries and comments (e.g.: [http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/388amplifier.html]). As of March 2011, no impeccable scientific publication is known.

All information currently available regarding the "Focardi-Rossi Energy Amplifier" come from inventors, from a patent application by Rossi, from YouTube videos, and from statements by a few physicists who tried to replicate the principle. There has been no noteworthy reception on the part of the international physics community so far and an attempt of inventors to publish an article on their device in a renowned professional journal failed. Only individual physicists reacted with blog entries and comments (e.g.: [http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/388amplifier.html]). As of January 2011, no proper scientific publication is known.

Focardi and Rossi spread their claims through their own "online newspaper" "Journal of Nuclear Physics", basically an Internet blog, and the Italian newspaper "Il&nbsp;Cimento". "Journal of Nuclear Physics" was the title of a Russian professional journal which is not published any longer. The involved company EON&nbsp;srl did not publish any information. Physicist Focardi admitted upon inquiry that the "Journal of Nuclear Physics" was founded since the attempt to publish in any accredited journal had failed.

Focardi and Rossi spread their statements in their own "online periodical" titled "Journal of Nuclear Physics", basically an internet blog, and in Italian journal "Il&nbsp;Cimento". "Journal of Nuclear Physics" used to be the title of a Russian professional journal which ceased publication meanwhile. The involved company EON&nbsp;srl has not provided any information so far. On inquiry, physicist Focardi advised the "Journal of Nuclear Physics" was founded since publication in accredited journals failed.

According to available and partly contradictory information from inventors Focardi and Rossi, the small reactor enables exothermal fusion. They claim they were able to "produce" 130&nbsp;kW thermal energy in an extreme case and needed just 80 to 1.250&nbsp;Watt to "heat up" and for the operation of the electronic controller.

According to available and partly contradictory information from inventors Focardi and Rossi, the small reactor allegedly enables exothermal fusion. They claim they managed to "produce" 130&nbsp;kW thermal energy in an extreme case, and needed just 80 to 1,250&nbsp;Watts to "pre-heat" respectively to operate the electronic control system.

The process was unfolded only in part, even though a patent application was filed (not approved as of yet); it involves the transformation of nickel and hydrogen to copper which creates heat and ionizing radiation. The patent application is more precise and states that the stable nickel isotope 62Ni28 (which makes about 3,6% of normal nickel) reacts with hydrogen and is transformed into the stable copper isotope 62Cu29. The copper created through this process is said to consist of two stable copper isotopes with an isotope proportion that is different from natural copper.<ref>According to S.&nbsp;Focardi in an E-Mail: ''[...] mostra l'esistenza di Cu (non presente inizialmente) i cui due isotopi stabili sono in un rapporto diverso da quello naturale [...]''</ref> Such a fusion would need very high temperatures and strong gamma radiation from the destruction of positrons and electrons would be emitted.<ref>According to Prof. Jonghwa Chang, Chief Research Advisor of the "Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute", answer to an inquiry by an Italian chemist. see: [http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/]</ref>  

The process - disclosed only in part, although a patent application was filed (not approved as of yet) - involves that nickel and hydrogen are transformed to copper in the presence of hydrogen gas and on emission of heat and ionized radiation. The patent application claims  the stable nickel isotope 62Ni28 (which makes about 3.6% of usual nickel) reacted with hydrogen and was transformed into the stable copper isotope 62Cu29. The copper thus generated is said to contain two stable copper isotopes, with an isotope proportion different from the one in natural copper.<ref>According to S.&nbsp;Focardi in an E-Mail: ''[...] mostra l'esistenza di Cu (non presente inizialmente) i cui due isotopi stabili sono in un rapporto diverso da quello naturale [...]''</ref> Such a fusion would require very high temperatures and should result in a strong gamma radiation from the destruction of positrons and electrons.<ref>According to Prof. Jonghwa Chang, Chief Research Advisor of the "Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute", answer to an inquiry by an Italian chemist. see: [http://www.queryonline.it/2011/01/31/il-ritorno-della-fusione-fredda-2/]</ref>  

Nickel rods allegedly were used initially, but during the latest experiments nickel powder was used (particle sizes are said to be in the nm-range, the patent application mentions 10 µm). Rossi mentions the company "Gerli Metalli"<ref>Powder nickel: Gerli Metalli--Milan</ref> from Milan as supplier. Further catalysts in addition to those specified in the patent application are said to be used. Unconfirmed internet rumours name [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney_nickel "Raney-Nickel"] since two fires in the laboratory of Rossi were caused by "Raney-Nickel". The use of nickel oxide, which reacts with hydrogen creating water and heat (NiO2&nbsp;+&nbsp;H2 -->&nbsp;Ni&nbsp;+&nbsp;H20), has been denied.

While initially using nickel rods, recent experiments used nickel powder (particle size is said to be in the nm-range, the patent application mentions 10 µm). Rossi mentions "Gerli Metalli" company<ref>Powder nickel: Gerli Metalli--Milan</ref> from Milan as their supplier. Further unknown catalysts even not specified in the patent application are said to be employed. Internet rumours not verifiable claim this may be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raney_nickel "Raney-Nickel"], since two fires in Rossi's laboratories were caused by "Raney-Nickel". Nickel oxide - which reacts with hydrogen creating water and heat (NiO2&nbsp;+&nbsp;H2 -->&nbsp;Ni&nbsp;+&nbsp;H20) – allegedly was not used.

Through heating the reactor with electricity to 180-400&nbsp;degrees Celsius protons from hydrogen gas are said to enter the nickel atoms which lead to a nuclear reaction if the pressure on the gas is increased in periodical, pulsed, powerful step. Hydrogen is said to be used up and some helium is created.<ref>S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi. "''Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems''". Il Nuovo Cimento Vol. 111 A, N.11 pp. 1233, novembre 1998</ref> The used nickel rod is said to have tiny craters after a reaction. According to the patent application, the electrical pre-heating of the reactor is automatically turned off by a temperature control device when operating temperature was achieved. Further electrical energy (20 to 80 W) was only necessary to supply the controlling electronic. Unconfirmed internet rumours claim that high voltage or magnetic fields of 360&nbsp;kV to overcome the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_barrier Coulomb barrier] might be in use. But use of such high voltage is not possible in such a small device due to spark generation.

By adding electric heating capacity, protons from hydrogen gas are said to enter the nickel atoms at 180 to 400 degrees Celsius and lead to a nuclear reaction if pulsed pressure was increased at regular intervals. Altogether, hydrogen is said to be consumed and some helium is generated.<ref>S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi. "''Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems''". Il Nuovo Cimento Vol. 111 A, N.11 pp. 1233, novembre 1998</ref> The nickel rod is said to show tiny surface craters after a reaction. According to the patent application, the electrical pre-heating will be turned off automatically by a thermostat when a certain operating temperature is achieved. Further electrical energy (20 to 80 W) was only necessary to supply control electronics. Internet rumours which cannot be verified claim that high voltage or a magnetic field of 360&nbsp;kV to overcome the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_barrier Coulomb barrier] may be applied. The application of so high a voltage is not possible within such a small device due to spark generation.

The inventors claim the so called "fusion" also generated weak gamma and neutron radiation.<ref>Battaglia, L. Daddi, S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, P.G. Sona, S. Veronesi. "''Neutron emission in Ni-H Systems''". Nuovo Cimento 112A, pp. 921, 1999.</ref> Radiation is said to be β+-radiation with positrons (known from potassium&nbsp;40-decay). They also claim they did not know the functional principle. A response in their blog speculates about similarities between the Rossi Focardi Energy Amplifier and the [[Hydrino]] theory of American physician and electrical engineer Randell Mills who claims to work with hydrogen and nickel, too. Supporters of "cold fusion" theories often claim so called [[Low Energy Nuclear Reactions]] (LENR) were happening. The term LENR is not used in professional journals and such fusion processes were not observed as of yet.

Inventors claim the "fusion" mentioned also generated weak gamma and neutron radiation.<ref>Battaglia, L. Daddi, S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, P.G. Sona, S. Veronesi. "''Neutron emission in Ni-H Systems''". Nuovo Cimento 112A, pp. 921, 1999.</ref> Radiation is said to be β+ corpuscular radiation with positrons (known from potassium&nbsp;40-decay). They also claim they do not know the exact functional principle. A contribution in their blog speculatively conntects the Focardi Rossi Energy Amplifier to the [[hydrino]] theorie of American physician and electrical engineer Randell Mills who claims to work with hydrogen and nickel, too. Supporters of "cold fusion" theories often claim so-called [[Low Energy Nuclear Reactions]] (LENR) were taking place. The term LENR is not known to professional journals and such fusion processes were not proven as of yet.

Further internet speculations contend it was just a chemical reaction unknown to the inventors and normally used to extract nickel from ore. The Sherritt-Gordon process"<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_extraction_techniques#Recovery_from_nickel-cobalt_sulfide_concentrates_.28Sherritt_process.29</ref> is accompanied by heat, but a normal chemical reaction. The detection of copper after the reaction may be explained since nickel is usually impure and contains some copper.

Further internet speculations assume this was a chemical reaction which apparently remained unknown to inventors and which was usually applied in the purification of nickel ores: the Sherritt-Gordon process"<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_extraction_techniques#Recovery_from_nickel-cobalt_sulfide_concentrates_.28Sherritt_process.29</ref>, which is accompanied by a heat release, but is a conventional chemical reaction. The evidence of copper thus may be explained by the fact that available nickel often contains copper contaminations.

==Application and claims of success==

==Application and success claims==

[[image:FAE1.jpg|Input and output of the reactor according to inventors<ref>S. Focardi, A. Rossi: ''A new energy source from nuclear fusion.'', journal og nuclear physics. [http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/files/Rossi-Focardi_paper.pdf]</ref>|400px|thumb]]

[[image:FAE1.jpg|Input and output of the reactor according to the inventors<ref>S. Focardi, A. Rossi: ''A new energy source from nuclear fusion.'', Journal of Nuclear Physics. [http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/files/Rossi-Focardi_paper.pdf]</ref>|400px|thumb]]

Focardi and Rossi claim they achieved an increasing heat output of their device over the years. They state one nickel rod was sufficient for 6 months. In the patent application, Rossi reported he was heating his company's bureau with the reactor and thus saved more than 90% in electricity bills during the last 6&nbsp;months:

According to Focardi and Rossi, they achieved increasing heat quantities with their device over the years. They claim one nickel rod was sufficient for six months of operations. Rossi, in his patent specification, anecdotally reports he was heating his company's bureaus with this reactor which resulted in some 90% savings regarding electricity bills over a period of six months:

:''A practical embodiment of the inventive apparatus, installed on October&nbsp;16, 2007, is at present perfectly operating 24&nbsp;hours per day, and provides an amount of heat sufficient to heat the factory of the Company EON of via Carlo Ragazzi&nbsp;18, at Bondeno (Province of Ferrara)."''

:''A practical embodiment of the inventive apparatus, installed on October&nbsp;16, 2007, is at present perfectly operating 24&nbsp;hours per day, and provides an amount of heat sufficient to heat the factory of the Company EON of via Carlo Ragazzi&nbsp;18, at Bondeno (Province of Ferrara)."''

A "kW-module" allegedly operates in a "Leonardo facility" in New Hampshire (USA) since 2008, where Rossi is currently employed.

A "kW-module" allegedly is also operated in a "Leonardo facility" in New Hampshire (USA) since 2008, where Rossi is employed currently.

==Nickel consumption and Cost==

==Details regarding Nickel Consumption and Cost==

According to Rossi, 100&nbsp;gramm nickel powder are consumed over a period of 6 months at an output of 10&nbsp;kW (therm.). The cost for the "fuel" would amount to 2&nbsp;Euro.<ref>Nyteknik-Chat 12.03.2011, [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3124295.ece]</ref> An E-cat should cost about 2,000&nbsp;Euro per kW output (a 10&nbsp;kW-model thus 20.000&nbsp;Euro).

According to Rossi, 100&nbsp;grammes of nickel powder were consumed over a period of six months at 10&nbsp;kW (therm.) output. The cost for the "fuel" thus amounted to 2&nbsp;Euro.<ref>Nyteknik-Chat 12.03.2011, [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3124295.ece]</ref> An E-cat will cost about 2,000&nbsp;Euro per kW output (a 10&nbsp;kW-model thus will amount to 20.000&nbsp;Euro).

==History==

==History==

In 1989, cold fusion received wide media attention due to the claims of Fleischmann and Pons and their failed experiments. In the same year the Italian biophysicist Francesco Piantelli(Siena University) claimed he incidentially observed strong heat emissions with temperatures above  1,450°&nbsp;C during an experiment with organic material which came into contact with nickel and hydrogen, which he could not explain. The incident was reported by several Italian daily papers. In 1995, Piantelli received a "Truffle Prize" for his observation during a "Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals".<ref>"Truffle Prize", second Asti Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals, 1995</ref>

1989 was marked by wide media attention to cold fusion as a result of the claims regarding failed experiments by Fleischmann and Pons. In the same year, Italian biophysicist Francesco Piantelli (University Siena) believed to have incidentally observed a strong heat emission with temperatures above  1,450°&nbsp;C during an experiment with organic material which came into contact with nickel and hydrogen, which he could not explain. The incident was reported by several Italian daily papers. In 1995, Piantelli received a "Truffle Prize" for his observations during a "Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals".<ref>"Truffle Prize", second Asti Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals, 1995</ref>

The physicist Sergio Focardi from Bologna University heard about this and teamed up with Piantelli to investigate the phenomenon. After a couple of years they had built a nickel hydrogen reactor and in February 1994 announced in a press conference their reactor as a principle for "Reazioni Nucleari a Bassa Energia" (LENR, "Low Energy Nuclear Reactions"), carefully avoiding the term "cold fusion".<ref>Press conference on 20.&nbsp;February 1994, Aula magna, University Siena</ref> The daily newspaper wrote an article and as before, in 1989, no scientific paper was published. A thermical engine output of 40-50 Watt was claimed. A nickel rod which was surface treated and "degassed" was said to be enclosed in the reactor with hydrogen.

Physicist Sergio Focardi from Bologna University heard about this and teamed up with Piantelli to research the phenomenon. After several years they had built a nickel hydrogen rector and, in a press conference in February 1994, announced their reactor as a principle for "Reazioni Nucleari a Bassa Energia" (LENR, "Low Energy Nuclear Reactions"), however avoiding the term "cold fusion".<ref>Press conference on 20.&nbsp;February 1994, Aula magna, University Siena</ref> Once more articles were published in the daily press and as before in 1989, there were no academic publications. An output of 40-50 thermical Watts was claimed. A nickel rod with a pre-treated surface which had been "degassed" for several hours was said to be enclosed in the reactor surrounded by hydrogen.

==Presentation on 14.&nbsp;January 2011==

==Presentation on January 14, 2011==

[[image:FAE4.jpg|Video of an experiment taking several minutes during a public presentation on January 14, 2011 (Source: [http://curiositybox.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/bologna-14111-cronaca-test-fusione-fredda-del-reattore-nichel-idrogeno-focardi-rossi/ Curiosity-Blog])|300px|thumb]]

[[image:FAE4.jpg|Video of an experiment taking several minutes during a public presentation on January 14, 2011 (Source: [http://curiositybox.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/bologna-14111-cronaca-test-fusione-fredda-del-reattore-nichel-idrogeno-focardi-rossi/ Curiosity-Blog])|300px|thumb]]

Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi gave a press conference on January 14, 2011 which was not only attended by the Italian public television broadcaster RAI (RAI&nbsp;3) and several journalists, but also by several physicists from universities. In a nearby room the function of the reactor was shown for a few minutes. The inventors reported this in their blog<ref>http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=360</ref>, and published three Youtube videos in Italian [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-0WvK2b7dU], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmHZrhTQhUc].

Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi gave a press conference on January 14, 2011 which was not only attended by Italian public television station RAI (RAI&nbsp;3) and numerous journalists, but also by several physicists from universities. In an adjoining room, the function of the reactor was demonstrated for only a few minutes. The inventors reported this in their blog<ref>http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=360</ref>, and published three Youtube videos in Italian language [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-0WvK2b7dU], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmHZrhTQhUc].

During the press conference they stated that the heat input was 600&nbsp;Watt and the estimated output 12.000&nbsp;Watt (12&nbsp;kW). The produced heat was calculated from the heated water: 292 grammes of water per minute were heated from 20 degree to 101 degrees(dry vapor) and evaporated. The attending physicists were allowed to take some measurements. They were disappointed in regard of a spectral analysis of the gamma radiation which was denied because of secrecy reasons. A detailed report from independent physicists from Bologna University stated that no gamma radiation could be established, although two holes were made into the device for measurement purposes. From the report:

During the press conference they stated the heat input was 600&nbsp;Watts, at an estimated output of 12,000&nbsp;Watts (12&nbsp;kW). Inventors calculated the heat generated from heated water: 292 grammes of water per minute were heated from 20 degrees to 101 degrees (dry vapor) and evaporated. The attending physicists were allowed to take some measurements. They were disappointed, however, as a spectral analysis of the gamma radiation was denied due to secrecy reasons. A detailed report submitted by independent physicists from Bologna University stated that no gamma radiation was detected, although the device was supplied with two openings for measurement purposes. Excerpt from the report:

:''no gamma radiation above the background level in the energy region Eγ > 200 keV has been observed, neither in single counting, not in coincidence;<br>regardless of the internal details of the reaction chamber, shieldings and other industrial secrets, the γ rates measured with the NaI counters seem not compatible with the rates deduced or expected assuming that the energy production was due to nuclear fusion or decay reactions, as suggested in [1].''

:''[...] no gamma radiation above the background level in the energy region Eγ > 200 keV has been observed, neither in single counting, not in coincidence;<br>regardless of the internal details of the reaction chamber, shieldings and other industrial secrets, the γ rates measured with the NaI counters seem not compatible with the rates deduced or expected assuming that the energy production was due to nuclear fusion or decay reactions, as suggested in [1].''

Observers were allowed to weigh the hydrogen gas container before and after the experiment (Weight: 18,6 Kg). Even considering possible errors in measurement (still attached duct tapes), the hydrogen usage was estimated at less than one gramm, not enough to make conventional hydrogen combustion plausible. Link to the report: [http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf] The estimation of the reactor output through the amount of evaporated water was criticized afterwards, calculations were based on dry vapor without taking possible condensate water into account. The alleged water throughput of 292 ml/min was doubted, since the alleged supply pump had only about half the necessary flow rate.

Observers were allowed to weigh the hydrogen gas container before and after the experiment (weight: 18.6 kgs). Even considering possible errors in measurement (duct tape still attached), hydrogen usage was estimated at less than one gramme, not enough to make conventional hydrogen combustion plausible. Link to the report: [http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf] The estimation of energy by evaporation of water was criticized in retrospect, as respective calculations were made based on dry vapour without fractions of condensed water which was not proven. The throughput of water claimed at 29 mls/min. was doubted, too, as the pump used allegedly had only half of this capacity.

==Undocumented experiment on February 10, 2011==

==Undocumented experiment on February 10, 2011==

On February&nbsp;10, 2011 a further "internal test", attended by the allegedly "independent" physics instructor Guiseppe Levi from Bologna University, was made with the "E-Cat" in Bologna. Several websites purport the test instead took place on February&nbsp;18, 2011. Levi is the leader of a workgroup of the department of physics which got a financial contribution for their support of the project. According to Guiseppe Levi's description, published in a Swedish online article with the title ''"Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion"''<ref>Mats Lewan: ''Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion'', "nyteknik.se", article from February 23, 2011. [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3108242.ece Text]</ref>, the device was connected through a hose to a regular water tap to cool the "reactor". Tap water was said to flow through the device with about 1&nbsp;liter per second and to be heated by 5&nbsp;degree. The test was run for 18&nbsp;hours, a water meter quantified the flow and was checked by video during the night. The "reactor" was allegedly heated up for 10&nbsp;minutes with 1,250&nbsp;Watt and afterwards only the controlling device was supplied with 80&nbsp;Watt. This would imply a constant thermal output of 15-20 Kilowatt. According to Levi, 0,4&nbsp;grammes of hydrogen were used in those 18&nbsp;hours. The same source quotes Levi with the comment he now excluded "chemical energy" as heat source:

On February&nbsp;10, 2011 a further "internal test" of the „E-Cat“ was carried out in Bologna, attended by allegedly "independent" physics lecturer Guiseppe Levi from Bologna University. Several websites contend the test instead took place on February&nbsp;18, 2011. According to Guiseppe Levi's description, published in a Swedish online article titled ''"Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion"''<ref>Mats Lewan: ''Cold Fusion: 18&nbsp;hour test excludes combustion'', "nyteknik.se", article from February 23, 2011. [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3108242.ece Text]</ref>, a hose connected the device to a water tap in order to cool the "reactor". Tap water was said to have flown through the device at about 1&nbsp;liter per second and was warmed by 5&nbsp;degrees. The test was said to have run continuously for 18&nbsp;hours, a water meter quantified the flow and was checked by video during the night. The "reactor" was allegedly heated up for 10&nbsp;minutes with 1,250&nbsp;Watts initially and subsequently, only a control unit continued to be supplied with 80&nbsp;Watts, while a constant thermic performance of 15 to 20 Kws allegedly was established. The same source quotes Levi with the remark he excluded "chemical energy sources" as heat source now:

:''...Now that I have seen the device work for so many hours, in my view all chemical energy sources are excluded..''.  

:''...Now that I have seen the device work for so many hours, in my view all chemical energy sources are excluded..''.  

A claimed accumulated thermal energy output was calculated by supporters of "[[Cold Fusion]]" (LENR ''Low Energy Nuclear Reactions'' - CANR ''Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions'') as 270-288&nbsp;kWh (about one GJ), which would correspond to about 26&nbsp;liters heating oil.<ref>To cite:<br>News<br>Rossi 18-hour demonstration<br>

Supporters of so-called "[[Cold Fusion]]" (LENR ''Low Energy Nuclear Reactions'' - CANR ''Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions'') calculated an alleged accumulated output of thermal energy at 270-288&nbsp;kWh (about one GJ) which was compared to the energy of 26 litres of heating oil.<ref>To cite:<br>News<br>Rossi 18-hour demonstration<br>

<br>

<br>

February 2011<br>

February 2011<br>

<br>

<br>

On February&nbsp;10 and&nbsp;11, 2011, Levi et&nbsp;al. (U.&nbsp;Bologna) performed another test of the Rossi device. Compared to the January&nbsp;14 test, they used a much higher flow rate, to keep the cooling water from vaporizing. This is partly to recover more heat, and partly because Celani and others criticized phase-change calorimetry as too complicated. There were concerns about the enthalpy of wet steam versus dry steam, and the use of a relative humidity meter to determine the dryness of the steam. A source close to the test gave Jed Rothwell the following figures. These are approximations:<br>

On February&nbsp;10 and&nbsp;11, 2011, Levi et&nbsp;al. (U.&nbsp;Bologna) performed another test of the Rossi device. Compared to the January&nbsp;14 test, they used a much higher flow rate, to keep the cooling water from vaporizing. This is partly to recover more heat, and partly because Celani and others criticized phase-change calorimetry as too complicated. There were concerns about the enthalpy of wet steam versus dry steam, and the use of a relative humidity meter to determine how dry the steam was. A source close to the test gave Jed Rothwell the following figures. These are approximations:<br>

<br>

<br>

Duration of test: 18&nbsp;hours<br>

Duration of test: 18&nbsp;hours<br>

Input power from control electronics: variable, average 80&nbsp;W, closer to 20&nbsp;W for 6&nbsp;hours<br>

Input power from control electronics: variable, average 80&nbsp;W, closer to 20&nbsp;W for 6&nbsp;hours<br>

<br>

<br>

The temperature difference of 5°C * 833&nbsp;ml = 4,165&nbsp;calories/second = 17,493&nbsp;W. Observers estimated average power at 16&nbsp;kW. A 5°C temperature difference can easily be measured with confidence.<br>

The temperature difference of 5°C * 833&nbsp;ml = 4,165&nbsp;calories/second = 17,493&nbsp;W. Observers estimated average power as 16&nbsp;kW. A 5°C temperature difference can easily be measured with confidence.<br>

<br>

<br>

3,000&nbsp;L/h is 793&nbsp;gallons/h, which is the output of a medium-sized $120 ornamental pond pump.<br>

3,000&nbsp;L/h is 793&nbsp;gallons/h, which is the output of a medium-sized $120 ornamental pond pump.<br>

18&nbsp;hours * 16&nbsp;kWh = 288&nbsp;kWh = 1,037&nbsp;MJ. That is the amount of energy in 26&nbsp;kg of gasoline (7.9&nbsp;gallons). Given the size and weight of the device, this rules out a chemical source of energy.<br>

18&nbsp;hours * 16&nbsp;kWh = 288&nbsp;kWh = 1,037&nbsp;MJ. That is the amount of energy in 26&nbsp;kg of gasoline (7.9&nbsp;gallons). Given the size and weight of the device, this rules out a chemical source of energy.<br>

<br>

<br>

Levi et&nbsp;al. are expected to write another paper about this test. We will upload it when it becomes available. NyTeknik published a fascinating description of the latest experiment (in English). This includes new details, such as the fact that the power briefly peaked at 130&nbsp;kW. NyTeknik also published an interview with two outside experts about the demonstration: Prof. Emeritus at Uppsala University Sven Kullander, chairman of the National Academy of Sciences Energy Committee, and Hanno Essén, associate professor of theoretical physics, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology. Two versions are available, in English and Swedish.<br>LENR-CANR Org. News of February 2011. [http://lenr-canr.org/News.htm]</ref> Assuming an average output of 17 kW (the electrical input energy for pre-heating and control can be neglected) over 18 hours actually renders about 300 kWh. The fuel value of 1 liter oil is about 10 kWh<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_oil</ref>, which gives a heating oil amount of 30 liters to produce the same thermal output.

Levi et&nbsp;al. are expected to write another paper about this test. We will upload it when it becomes available. NyTeknik published a fascinating description of the latest experiment (in English). This includes new details, such as the fact that the power briefly peaked at 130&nbsp;kW. NyTeknik also published an interview with two outside experts about the demonstration: Prof. Emeritus at Uppsala University Sven Kullander, chairman of the National Academy of Sciences Energy Committee, and Hanno Essén, associate professor of theoretical physics, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology. Two versions are available, in English and Swedish.<br>LENR-CANR Org. News of February 2011. [http://lenr-canr.org/News.htm]</ref> Assuming an average output of 17 kW (the input of electrical energy for pre-heating and control may be neglected) over 18 hours actually renders about 300 kWh arithmetically speaking. The fuel value of 1 litre of oil is at about 10 kWh<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_oil</ref> so that in terms of figures, an amount of 30 litres may be calculated to produce the same heat quantity.

For comparison, the heating value of common energy sources. Because of smoke, exhaust fumes and toxicity (beryllium) they are not feasible. The volume of the external control unit is said to be about 60 liter but, according to Levi, contained just electronics. The reaction chamber has a volume of about 1 liter and shielding is said to be 2 cms lead with a weight of 30 kgs.

For comparison: energy content of common energy sources. However, due to smoke formation, exhaust fumes, and toxicity (beryllium) their use is not feasible. The volume of the external control unit is said to be about 60 litres, but according to Levi contained only electronics. He estimated the actual reaction chamber at a volume of about 1 liter; the shielding is said to be a layer of 2 cms of lead with an overall weight of 30 kgs.

*Beryllium – combustion with oxygen: 125&nbsp;MJ/l (very toxic)

*Beryllium – combustion with oxygen: 125&nbsp;MJ/l (extremely toxic)

*Bor: 1385&nbsp;MJ/l

*Bor: 138&nbsp;MJ/l

*Aluminum 845&nbsp;MJ/l (burns only in powder form, which implies lesser heating value per volume)

*Aluminum 84&nbsp;MJ/l (only burns in powder form with a lesser energy content per volume)

*Graphit: 735&nbsp;MJ/ll

*Graphit: 73&nbsp;MJ/ll

==Attempts to replicate the experiments==

==Attempts to replicate the experiments==

A group led by Antonino Zichichi in vain tried to repeat the experiment at CERN in Geneva in 1996. They mentioned an observable increase in temperature, but this did not correspond to an increase in heat production:

In 1996, a group led by Antonino Zichichi in vain tried to repeat the experiment at CERN in Geneva for one year. Authors mention established increases in temperature which, however, did not correspond to an increase in energy release:

:''The authors state, "We have found the [Piantelli-Focardi group’s] results to be consistent with our observations; namely we measured higher temperatures for the same input power when hydrogen is absorbed during a heating cycle. Nevertheless this temperature rise does not appear to correspond to an increase in heat production. We have added a temperature sensor to the container of the experiment. The temperature of the container follows the same temperature with input power curve irrespective of whether there is an anomalous absorption of hydrogen or not; therefore we have no evidence that this temperature increase corresponds to another source of heat. In conclusion, we have observed all the effects discovered by Focardi et&nbsp;al., but our results imply that there is no production of power associated with the absorption of hydrogen by nickel."''<ref>Cerron-Zeballos, E., Crotty, I., Hatzifotiadou, D., Lamas Valverde, J., Williams, M.C.S., and Zichichi, A., "''[http://www.newenergytimes.com/Library/1996Cerron-InvestigationOfAnomalous.pdf Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems]''". Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 109A, p. 1645-1654, (1996).</ref>

:''The authors state, "We have found the [Piantelli-Focardi group’s] results to be consistent with our observations; namely we measured higher temperatures for the same input power when hydrogen is absorbed during a heating cycle. Nevertheless this temperature rise does not appear to correspond to an increase in heat production. We have added a temperature sensor to the container of the experiment. The temperature of the container follows the same temperature with input power curve irrespective of whether there is an anomalous absorption of hydrogen or not; therefore we have no evidence that this temperature increase corresponds to another source of heat. In conclusion, we have observed all the effects discovered by Focardi et&nbsp;al., but our results imply that there is no production of power associated with the absorption of hydrogen by nickel."''<ref>Cerron-Zeballos, E., Crotty, I., Hatzifotiadou, D., Lamas Valverde, J., Williams, M.C.S., and Zichichi, A., "''[http://www.newenergytimes.com/Library/1996Cerron-InvestigationOfAnomalous.pdf Investigation of Anomalous Heat Production in Ni-H Systems]''". Nuovo Cimento, Vol. 109A, p. 1645-1654, (1996).</ref>

In 1998/1999, a further attempt to replicate the tests was made by scientists Luigi Nosenzo and Luigi Cattaneo in Pavia (Italy). Over the course of several months no fusion reaction or energy production could be observed.<ref>Adalberto Piazzoli. "[http://www.cicap.org/new/articolo.php?id=273588 ''Fusione Fredda? Una ricerca italiana'']". CICAP - Scienza & Paranormale N. 78 (Mai 2008)</ref>

In 1998/1999, a further attempt to replicate the tests was carried out by scientists Luigi Nosenzo and Luigi Cattaneo in Pavia (Italy). Again, no fusion reaction or release of energy was established over the course of several months.<ref>Adalberto Piazzoli. "[http://www.cicap.org/new/articolo.php?id=273588 ''Fusione Fredda? Una ricerca italiana'']". CICAP - Scienza & Paranormale N. 78 (Mai 2008)</ref>

==Inventor Andrea Rossi==

==Inventor Andrea Rossi==

[[image:Rossi_CV.jpg|Rossi CV on his website (March 4, 2011)|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_CV.jpg|Rossi CV on his website (March 4, 2011)|thumb]]

[[image:Kensington_university.jpg|Reimbursement-offer of the [[Diploma mill]] "Kensington University Inc." to its customers|left|thumb]]

[[image:Kensington_university.jpg|Reimbursement offer of [[diploma mill]] "Kensington University Inc." to its customers|left|thumb]]

The "Rossi-Energy Amplifier" is not the first invention of Andrea Rossi. In the 1970ies and 1980ies, he tried to win hydrocarbons from waste to no avail. That led to several law suits and criminal cases with prison sentences against the "Sheik of Brianza" (''Sceicco della Brianza'', sheik because he claimed to win oil from industrial waste, Brianza is an area north of Milan). The law suits were also known as "Petroldragon affair" after Rossis company "Petroldragon". Rossi was convicted for trading and disposing large amounts of toxic waste not in accordance with regulations. According to Rossi an ecological conversion technology was suppressed. He was also accused of tax fraud. He migrated to USA afterwards. Currently, company shares (EON&nbsp;srl) are handled by his wife Maddalena Pascucci.

The "Rossi Energy Amplifier" is not the first invention made by Andrea Rossi. During the 1970ies and 1980ies, he tried to produce hydrocarbons from waste to no avail. This resulted in several law suits and criminal cases with prison sentences against the "Sheik of Brianza" (''Sceicco della Brianza'', sheik because he claimed to produce oil from industrial waste; Brianza is a region north of Milan). The law suits were also known as "Petroldragon affair", since Rossi's company was called "Petroldragon". Rossi was convicted because he did not dispose of large amounts of toxic wastes in accordance with regulations, and for trafficking waste materials. Rossi, however, perceived this as a repression of his allegedly ecological conversion technology. He was also accused of fiscal offences. He migrated to USA afterwards. Currently, investments (EON&nbsp;srl) are operated by his wife Maddalena Pascucci.

In a Curriculum Vitae containing his work history which is available on his website<ref>http://ingandrearossi.com/gli-inizi/</ref> (see picture on the right from March 4, 2011), Rossi states he graduated in Philosophy at the University of Milan and names as a second "Laurea" title (common term for a doctor's degree at an Italian university) in "Ingegneria Chimica" (chemical engineering) at Californian "Kensington University Inc.". This company was officially registered in Hawaii, but operated from Glendale in California<ref>Kensington University, 520&nbsp;E Broadway Suite&nbsp;400, Glendale, CA&nbsp;91205 </ref> and was a wellknown [[Diploma mill]] until it was shut down by the law.<ref>Artikel aus der "LA-Times": ''Kensington University Faces Closure Hearing''. April 23, 1996 | JOHN CHANDLER, TIMES STAFF WRITER.<br>Kensington University has no classrooms, laboratories or dorms. Its students don't play football, join fraternities or linger dreamily on a quadrangle. In fact, the entire campus is housed in a small Glendale office building. Recruiting from across the nation, the school runs a program in which students studying entirely at home can earn anything from a bachelor's degree to a doctorate--all without ever attending a single class or even meeting their instructors face to face.</ref><ref>http://www.osac.state.or.us/oda/unaccredited.aspx</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unaccredited_institutions_of_higher_education</ref> The company was sentenced to restitute all former customers (see picture to the left) after it had been reported by a consumer protection organisation.<ref>http://hawaii.gov/dcca/ocp/udgi/lawsuits/kensington/kensington_u_dj.pdf</ref>

In a curriculum vitae presenting his occupational history available on his website<ref>http://ingandrearossi.com/gli-inizi/</ref> (see picture on the right dated March 4, 2011), Rossi specifies he graduated in philosophy at the University of Milan and mentions a second "Laurea" title (common term for a final degree at an Italian University with an obligatory doctorate) in "Ingegneria Chimica" (chemical engineering) at a Californian "Kensington University Inc.". This company was officially registered in Hawaii, but operated from Glendale in California<ref>Kensington University, 520&nbsp;E Broadway Suite&nbsp;400, Glendale, CA&nbsp;91205 </ref> and was a wellknown [[diploma mill]] until it was shut down on court orders.<ref>Artikel aus der "LA-Times": ''Kensington University Faces Closure Hearing''. April 23, 1996 | JOHN CHANDLER, TIMES STAFF WRITER.<br>Kensington University has no classrooms, laboratories or dorms. Its students don't play football, join fraternities or linger dreamily on a quadrangle. In fact, the entire campus is housed in a small Glendale office building. Recruiting from across the nation, the school runs a program in which students studying entirely at home can earn anything from a bachelor's degree to a doctorate--all without ever attending a single class or even meeting their instructors face to face.</ref><ref>http://www.osac.state.or.us/oda/unaccredited.aspx</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unaccredited_institutions_of_higher_education</ref> The company was sentenced to restitute all former customers (see picture to the left) after it had been reported by a consumer protection organisation.<ref>http://hawaii.gov/dcca/ocp/udgi/lawsuits/kensington/kensington_u_dj.pdf</ref>

==EON&nbsp;srl, Leonardo Corporation and Defkalion Green Technologies==

==EON&nbsp;srl, Leonardo Corporation and Defkalion Green Technologies==

The company EON&nbsp;srl(apparently owned by Rossi), which is often mentioned related to the topic, has locations in Bondeno<ref>Eon&nbsp;S.r.l., V.&nbsp;C.ragazzi&nbsp;18, I-44012&nbsp;Bondeno</ref> and in Rome<ref>EON&nbsp;Srl, Via Ottaviano&nbsp;66, Roma</ref>. In Bodeno, an "E-cat" device is said to have heated the accommodations basically for free. Rossi also claims to have also used the E-cat to heat water at his private home.

The company EON&nbsp;srl (apparently owned by Rossi), often mentioned in connection with the subject, is registered both in Bondeno<ref>Eon&nbsp;S.r.l., V.&nbsp;C.ragazzi&nbsp;18, I-44012&nbsp;Bondeno</ref> and in Rome<ref>EON&nbsp;Srl, Via Ottaviano&nbsp;66, Roma</ref>. At the location of Bodeno, an "E-cat" device is said to have provided heating for premises virtually for free. Rossi also claims he is also producing hot water in his home with an E-cat.

Undisclosed non-Italian investors and inventors plan to offer working reactors for industrial purposes in 2011. An official permission from 2006 is known which allows the Italian company EON&nbsp;srl to operate a biodiesel plant with an output of 1&nbsp;Megawatt (MW) in Bodena. According to inventors, they plan to build a plant with 120 combined energy amplifier reactors which should produce the same amount of energy, 1,000&nbsp;kW (1&nbsp;MW), in Greece or USA. Construction should be completed in October 2011, ordering party is a Greek company "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A.".

In the course of 2011, inventors and undisclosed non-Italian investors plan to offer ready-made reactors for industrial application. There is an official permission dating from 2006 which enables Italian EON srl to operate a small power plant, fuelled by biodiesel, of an electric power of up to 1 megawatt in the town of Bondero. Inventors claim they currently also work at a small power plant which combines 120 interconnected energy-amplifier reactors of the same electric power of 1,000 kws either in Greece or in the USA which is supposed to be finished by October 2011. Its manufacturer is a Greek company by the name of „Defkalion Green Technologies S.A.“.

There is a ''Leonardo Corporation''<ref>Leonardo Corporation, 116 South River Road, Bedford, N.H. 03110 - USA. Webseite: http://leonardocorp1996.com</ref> located in Bedford, New Hampshire, allegedly Rossi's employer. Their e-mail address is identical with the one of EON&nbsp;srl in Italy. This company and Greek Defkalion are supposed to build the future "reactors". Currently, Leonardo Corporation offers electric generators fueled by biodiesel (with turbo chargers and intercooling). The company claims a high degree of efficiency due to its patented "EON" technology which was able to recover incurred thermal losses.

A ''Leonardo Corporation''<ref>Leonardo Corporation, 116 South River Road, Bedford, N.H. 03110 - USA. Webseite: http://leonardocorp1996.com</ref> located in Bedford, New Hampshire is Rossi's current employer. The e-mail address of this company happens to be identical with the e-mail address of EON&nbsp;srl in Italy. This company and Greek Defkalion are supposed to build the "reactors". Currently, Leonardo Corporation offers electric generators fueled by vegetable oils (turbo charged and intercooled). The company claims a high efficiency due to its patented "EON" technology which recovers thermal loss.

There is a small company in Athens named "Defkalion Energy" resp. "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A."<ref>http://www.defkalion-energy.com/</ref>, owned by one Symeon Tsalikoglou, which according to Rossi will produce the energy catalysators. While the website of EON&nbsp;srl has been "under construction" for months now, the page of Defkalion meanwhile offers a contact address in Athens.<ref>Defkalion Green Technologies S.A., Temporary Head Quarters - Mesogeion Avenue 2 - 4, Athens Tower, 18th Floor, GR-11527 Athens, Tel: +30 210 7770602, Fax: +30 210 7770608. Email: info@defkalion-energy.com</ref> Domain registrant is Andreas Meintanis from GR-19200 Elefsina.

A small company in Athens named "Defkalion Energy" or "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A."<ref>http://www.defkalion-energy.com/</ref> owned by one Symeon Tsalikoglou will produce the energy catalysators according to Rossi. Whereas the website of EON&nbsp;srl has been "under construction" for months now, the page of Defkalion now offers a contact address in Athens.<ref>Defkalion Green Technologies S.A., Temporary Head Quarters - Mesogeion Avenue 2 - 4, Athens Tower, 18th Floor, GR-11527 Athens, Tel: +30 210 7770602, Fax: +30 210 7770608. Email: info@defkalion-energy.com</ref> Domain owner is Andreas Meintanis from GR-19200 Elefsina.

While Leonardo Corp. will cover business in USA, it is apparently planned to pass sales rights for the rest of the world, but at least for Europe, to Defkalion. According to Rossi, production of E-cat will commence even if the patent finally will not be granted. He was also prepared to continue production if competitors had seen through his invention by reverse engineering.<ref>Information obtained from chat at Nyeteknik dd. March 12, 2011</ref>

Whereas Leonardo Corp. will handle business in USA, it is apparently planned for Defkalion to have the sales rights for the rest of the world, but at least for European countries.

Rossi declares to have spent 500,000&nbsp;Euro on experiments with more than 1,000&nbsp;E-cat reactors, financed e.g. with earnings from his previous company Petroldragon which supplied him with revenues of as much as one million Euro. According to Rossi, no customer made any advance payments, Rossi only means to earn revenue or license fees when sales commenced. Rossi allegedly agreed a cooperation with Bologna University. It is said that its Faculty of Physics received Euro 500,000 from Rossi in order to support development. Physicist Giuseppe Levi is said to be heading these activities<ref>..Rossi is now paying the remaining 500,000 Euros to the Physics Department of Bologna University, following a new agreement under which the university will help Rossi with the continued development of the reactor and studies of its physical phenomena.

According to the agreement, the work is led by the physicist Giuseppe Levi, who was the main observer when the ‘energy catalyzer’ was demonstrated to invited scientists and media in Bologna in January 2011. Giuseppe Levi also carried out a longer test of the reactor in February, lasting 18 hours.</ref>

Rossi means to donate part of the revenue for children suffering from cancer:

 

:''The 500,000 Euros I am paying to the University of Bologna is my last money, but when I deliver the one-megawatt plant to Defkalion I get cash back. From then on, 50% will be used for expansion and 50% to treat children with cancer. I will personally look for the children whose families cannot afford their care.''<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3122915.ece</ref>

Rossi states he spent 500,000&nbsp;Euro for tests with more than 1,000&nbsp;E-cat reactors, financed e.g. with earnings from the sale of his previous company Petroldragon, which is said to have brought him one million Euro. As of yet, no customers have made any advance payments, Rossi will earn revenue or license fees only when sales starts. He as allegedly made a cooperation agreement with the Bologna University. He is said to have paid 500,000 Euro to the physics department of the university to support him with development. Leader of these activities is the physicist Giuseppe Levi.<ref>''..Rossi is now paying the remaining 500,000 Euros to the Physics Department of Bologna University, following a new agreement under which the university will help Rossi with the continued development of the reactor and studies of its physical phenomena.<br>According to the agreement, the work is led by the physicist Giuseppe Levi, who was the main observer when the ‘energy catalyzer’ was demonstrated to invited scientists and media in Bologna in January 2011. Giuseppe Levi also carried out a longer test of the reactor in February, lasting 18 hours.''</ref> Part of the future revenue will allegedly be donated to children suffering from cancer:

:''The 500,000 Euros I am paying to the University of Bologna is my last money, but when I deliver the one-megawatt plant to Defkalion I get cash back. From then on, 50% will be used for expansion and 50% to treat children with cancer. I will personally look for the children whose families cannot afford their care..''<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3122915.ece</ref>

==Patents and patent applications==

==Patents and patent applications==

[[image:Rossi_Focardi_Patent.jpg|thumb|Drawing from patent application WO&nbsp;2009/125444 von Rossi]]

[[image:Rossi_Focardi_Patent.jpg|thumb|Drawing from patent application WO&nbsp;2009/125444 von Rossi]]

Rossi applied for a patent for the method.<ref>WO 2009/125444 A1: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. Date: 15.10.2009</ref><ref>EP 02259998 A1: VERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR DURCHFÜHRUNG VON EXOTHERMEN REAKTIONEN ZWISCHEN NICKEL UND WASSERSTOFF. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. Date: 15.12.2010</ref> The European Patent Office as an International Searching Authority of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) denied the application. It criticized the invention was not presented in comprehensive terms and it was not evident that energy was created by reaction of nickel and hydrogen as described. To cite from the report:

Rossi has applied for a patent for the method.<ref>WO 2009/125444 A1: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. Date: 15.10.2009</ref><ref>EP 02259998 A1: VERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR DURCHFÜHRUNG VON EXOTHERMEN REAKTIONEN ZWISCHEN NICKEL UND WASSERSTOFF. Applicant: Pascucci, Maddalena. Inventor: Rossi, Andrea. Date: 15.12.2010</ref> The European Patent Office as one of the International Searching Authorities of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) dismissed the patent specification. It criticized the invention was not presented comprehensively and particularly that it was not evident that the described reaction of nickel and hydrogen did in fact generate energy. To quote the report:

:''As the invention seems, at least at first, to offend against the generally accepted laws of physics and established theories, the disclosure should be detailed enough to prove to a skilled person conversant with mainstream science and technology that the invention is indeed feasible.'' [...] ''In the present case, the invention does not provide experimental evidence (nor any firm theoretical basis) which would enable the skilled person to assess the viability of the invention. The description is essentially based on general statement and speculations which are not apt to provide a clear and exhaustive technical teaching.''<ref>http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wads.jsp?IA=IT2008000532&LANGUAGE=EN&ID=id00000011868762&VOL=100&DOC=075642&WO=09/125444&WEEK=NA&TYPE=NA&DOC_TYPE=WOSA&TOK=Q309-A-eI6srxLYw7s9qWfbp73Y&PAGE=1</ref>

:''As the invention seems, at least at first, to offend against the generally accepted laws of physics and established theories, the disclosure should be detailed enough to prove to a skilled person conversant with mainstream science and technology that the invention is indeed feasible.'' [...] ''In the present case, the invention does not provide experimental evidence (nor any firm theoretical basis) which would enable the skilled person to assess the viability of the invention. The description is essentially based on general statement and speculations which are not apt to provide a clear and exhaustive technical teaching.''<ref>http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wads.jsp?IA=IT2008000532&LANGUAGE=EN&ID=id00000011868762&VOL=100&DOC=075642&WO=09/125444&WEEK=NA&TYPE=NA&DOC_TYPE=WOSA&TOK=Q309-A-eI6srxLYw7s9qWfbp73Y&PAGE=1</ref>

==Literature==

==Literature==

==Weblinks==

==Weblinks==

*[http://www.ingandrearossi.com Website of Andrea Rossi]

*[http://www.ingandrearossi.com Internetseite von Andrea Rossi]

*[http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com "Journal of Nuclear Physics"]. The title suggests a physics journal but it is actually a blog run by Focardi and Rossi which claims that articles are peer reviewed by "at least one" physics professor.

*[http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com "Journal of Nuclear Physics"]. Der Titel suggeriert eine physikalische Zeitschrift, tatsächlich handelt es sich um eine von Focardi und Rossi betriebene, Blog-ähnliche Internetseite, deren Beiträge aber angeblich einen Peer Review durchlaufen und von "mindestens einem" Physikprofessor begutachtet würden.

*http://www.eonsrl.com (Under construction, March 15, 2011)

*http://www.eonsrl.com (aktuell ohne Inhalt)

*http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/388amplifier.html

*http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/388amplifier.html

*http://www.newenergytimes.com/v2/news/2008/NET29-8dd54geg.shtml

*http://www.newenergytimes.com/v2/news/2008/NET29-8dd54geg.shtml

==References==

==References==