Difference between revisions of "Hydrino"

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[[image:Hydrino.jpg|300px|thumb]][[image:RandellMills.jpg|Randell Mills|thumb]]
 
[[image:Hydrino.jpg|300px|thumb]][[image:RandellMills.jpg|Randell Mills|thumb]]
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'''Hydrino''' is an invention of the the U.S. American physician and electrical engineer Randell Mills (born 1957), a form of an hydrogen atom which is created when the energy of a hydrogen atom is lowered below its ground state. Physicists criticize the theory of hydrinos as [[pseudoscience]]<ref>[http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/nuclear/loser-hot-or-not/0 Loser: Hot or Not?], IEEE Spectrum 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all?content=10.1080/00107510802465229 An overview of almost 20 years' research on cold fusion], Contemporary Physics, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/external/venturebeat/2008/10/21/21venturebeat-blacklight-power-bolsters-its-impossible-cla-99377.html Blacklight Power bolsters its impossible claims of a new renewable energy source], The New York Times, 2008</ref><ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F1367-2630%2F7%2F1%2F127 "A critical analysis of the hydrino model"], New Journal of Physics 2005</ref> and reject it as "just silliness"<ref name="crimson">[http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2000/5/17/academics-question-the-science-behind-blacklight/ "Academics Question The Science Behind BlackLight Power, Inc."], Crimson Staff (May 17, 2000).</ref>
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'''Hydrino''' is the term applied to an invention of US-American physician and electrical engineer Randell Mills (born in 1957). Mills coined this term to identify a hypothetic variant of the hydrogen atom whose electrons are brought onto an even lower orbit. Physicists criticize the theory of hydrinos as [[pseudoscience]]<ref name="loser">[http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/nuclear/loser-hot-or-not/0 Loser: Hot or Not?], IEEE Spectrum 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all?content=10.1080/00107510802465229 An overview of almost 20 years' research on cold fusion], Contemporary Physics, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/external/venturebeat/2008/10/21/21venturebeat-blacklight-power-bolsters-its-impossible-cla-99377.html BlackLight Power bolsters its impossible claims of a new renewable energy source], The New York Times, 2008</ref><ref>[http://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F1367-2630%2F7%2F1%2F127 "A critical analysis of the hydrino model"], New Journal of Physics 2005</ref> and reject it as "blatant nonsense".<ref name="crimson">[http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2000/5/17/academics-question-the-science-behind-blacklight/ "Academics Question The Science Behind BlackLight Power, Inc."], Crimson Staff (May 17, 2000).</ref>
  
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A chemical reaction is claimed to move electrons to a lower orbit around the proton, which creates the alleged hydrino. As a consequence energy is set free. As a further consequence this new Hydrino atom (which has never been found in any experiment) would have to be more stable than the original hydrogen atom. This behavior would violate the violate the theory of quantum mechanics.<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/2008/07/01/smallbusiness/blacklight.fsb/index.htm BlackLight's physics-defying promise: Cheap power from water], CNN Money, 2008</ref> That fact is accepted by Mills but he believes that the theory quantum mechanics should be replaced by his ''grand unified theory of classical quantum mechanics''(GUT-CQM), which is compatible with hydrions.<ref>[http://www.blacklightpower.com/theory/bookdownload.shtml The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics] by Randell Mills</ref> Mills' model is claimed to derive from the works of Hermann A. Haus in 1986.
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Supporters claim the theory was going to play a role in the development of heating systems and future rocket drives. American NASA, however, did not express an interest.
  
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According to supporters of the hydrino theory it would be useful in various areas like rocket engines. Alas, the NASA was not interested.
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==Commercial activities==
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A company by the name of "BlackLight Power"<ref>[http://www.blacklightpower.com/ Website BlackLight Power]</ref> is known as a supplier of  hydrino technology. BlackLight Power was founded by Mills in 1991 under the name of "HydroCatalysis Inc." and operates in Cranbury, New Jersey.<ref name="crimson" /> The company is funded by assets from investors and not by sales of products or licences. By 2000 Mills had raised $25 million in funding, by 2009 the venture capital had increased to $60 million, by 2011 no known power generation has occurred. Time and again, BlackLight Power announced  they were just months from a breakthrough of their technology which regularly resulted in the entry of new investors.<ref>[http://www.rexresearch.com/millshyd/millshyd.htm "Researcher Claims Power Tech That Defies Quantum Theory"]Dow Jones NewsWires (October 6, 1999) </ref> In 1997, BlackLight Power declared they were only six months from building a 100 kilowatt aggregate.
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The renowned IEEE Spectrum magazine states:
 +
:'''Why it’s a loser''': Most experts don’t believe such lower states exist, and they say the experiments don’t present convincing evidence.<ref name="loser" />
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 +
==Similar companies==
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Similar announcements are known of the companies [Felix Würth AG]] and [[Perendev-Group]] in Germany. Munich-based Perendev Group of [[Mike Brady]] is not available by phone any longer; involved persons defected to Switzerland, and Brady was arrested in his home in Wollerau (Switzerland) on March 29, 2010. Prior to this, charges had been filed since advance payments for alleged energy producing magnet generators had been embezzled.<ref>[http://www.tz-online.de/aktuelles/muenchen/hokuspokus-betrueger-festgenommen-724127.html Hokuspokus-Betrüger festgenommen!], tz-online, 2010 (German)</ref> In Switzerland, the company Raum-Quanten-Motoren AG (RQM) owned by one [[Hans Lehner]] likewise tried to convince investors with a similar mode of operation. In Ireland, [[Steorn]] company has been trying to find investors for their "Orbo" technology which they claim will produce energy „in the near future“.
  
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==Commercial activities==
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Blacklight has reported the production of excess energy when sodium hydride is heated in contact with Raney nickel catalyst (R-Ni).<ref>[http://www.blacklightpower.com/papers/WFC052708webS.pdf "Commercializable power source from forming new states of hydrogen"], Mills, R. L.; Zhao, K.; Akhtar; Chang, R.; He, J.; Lu, Y.; Good, W.; Dhandapani, B. Blacklight Power (self published), accessed April 10, 2011</ref> An Andrea Rossi also claims to have invented an [[Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer‎|energy catalyzer]] based on [[Cold Fusion|cold fusion]] of nickel.
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The company "Blacklight Power"<ref>[http://www.blacklightpower.com/ Website Blacklight Power]</ref>, located in Cranbury (New Jersey, USA) is a supplier for the hydrino technology. Blacklight Power was founded in 1991 by Mills under the name "HydroCatalysis Inc.".<ref name="crimson" /> The company is funded by investors and not through licensing or selling products. Blacklight Power has announced several times in the past that they are just months away from a breakthrough with their technology which led to the entry of new investors.<ref>[http://www.rexresearch.com/millshyd/millshyd.htm "Researcher Claims Power Tech That Defies Quantum Theory"]Dow Jones NewsWires (October 6, 1999) </ref> In 1997 Blacklight Power announced that they just need another six months to build a 100 kilowatt engine. Similar announcements were made in germany by the companies [Felix Würth AG]] and [[Perendev-Group]]. The company Perendev-Group of [[Mike Brady]] is not reachable anymore; Mike Brady was arrested March, 29. 2010 in his house in Wollerau (Swiss). Charges were pressed since advance payments for energy producing magnet generators were kept.<ref>[http://www.tz-online.de/aktuelles/muenchen/hokuspokus-betrueger-festgenommen-724127.html Hokuspokus-Betrüger festgenommen!], tz-online, 2010 (german)</ref> In Swiss, the company Raum-Quanten-Motoren AG (RQM) of [[Hans Lehner]] tried to winn investors with a similar plot. In Ireland the company [[Steorn]] is on the lookout for investors in their "Orbo"-Technology, which will "soon" be ready to create energy.
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==Functional principle==
 +
A chemical reaction is said to create the alleged hydrino. As a consequence of reducing the orbit, this hydrino atom (which remains hypothetical and has never been sighted as of yet) should emit energy into its environment, while at the same time be more stable than the original hydrogen atom due to the lower orbit. This, however, would be in contradiction to the findings of quantum physics<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/2008/07/01/smallbusiness/blacklight.fsb/index.htm BlackLight's physics-defying promise: Cheap power from water], CNN Money, 2008</ref>, a fact accepted by Mills who nevertheless contends mainstream quantum physics should be replaced by his ''grand unified theory of classical quantum mechanics''(GUT-CQM) which allegedly was compatible with the existence of hydrinos.<ref>[http://www.blacklightpower.com/theory/bookdownload.shtml The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics] by Randell Mills</ref> Mills refers to results of MIT engineer Hermann A. Haus from 1986.
  
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According to Mills and Blacklight Power hydrinos emit energy as ultraviolet light (so called ''blacklight'') and there are 137 energy levels of the hydrogen atom below the ground state. Use of hydrogen should allow to produce a hundred to two-hundred times more energy through hydrino transition than chemical burning of hydrogen. A prototype of such a generator should produce 50 kilowatt heat capacity. A fraction of this energy should be enough to create hydrogen from water. This would - if the specifications of Blacklight Power were true - allow build a perpetual motion device. [[Perpetual motion]] devices violate the laws of thermodynamics and cannot be build.
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According to Mills and BlackLight Power, hydrinos emitted energy in the form of ultraviolet light (known as ''black light'') and there were 137 energy levels of the hydrogen atom below its ground state. They claim it was possible to produce between one to twohundred times more energy from hydrogen than with chemical combustion. A prototype of a generator was said to produce a heat capacity of 50 kws, and a fraction of this energy was sufficient to obtain hydrogen from water. If the allegations made by BlackLight Power were true, this would allow the construction of a [[Perpetual Motion|perpetual motion]]. Such a device, however, violates the laws of thermodynamics.
  
 
==Hydrex==
 
==Hydrex==
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The hydrino theory is very similar to the theories of the Frenchmen Jacques Dufour und Jacques Foos who claim that a "Hydrex" atom with similar properties exists and use the term in conjunction with cold fusion. The principles differ, the Hydrex atom is created with a strong electromagnetic field according to its inventors.  
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The hydrino theory is very similar to the assumptions of Jacques Dufour und Jacques Foos from France who speak of a compressed hydrogen atom they call hydrex and which they link to a hypothetical cold fusion. Suggestions regarding how to produce a hydrex atom, however, differ from those refering to hydrinos. A hydrex allegedly forms in the presence of an intense electro-magnetic field.  
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Die Hydrino-Theorie ähnelt stark den Annahmen der Franzosen Jacques Dufour und Jacques Foos, die unter dem Namen Hydrex ebenfalls ein komprimiertes Wasserstoffatom verstehen und es mit einer hypothetischen kalten Fusion in Verbindung bringen. Allerdings sind die Vorschläge zur Erzeugung eines Hydrex-Atoms von denjenigen des Hydrino verschieden. Ein Hydrex bilde sich nämlich bei Anwesenheit eines intensiven elektromagnetischen Feldes.
 
  
 
==Patents==
 
==Patents==
 +
BlackLight Power holds a patent for rendering the chemical bonds of hydrogen using imaging software. All other BLP patent claims in the US and the UK have been rejected. Blacklight tried to sue the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) upon rejection of some patents, but lost.<ref>[http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/00opinions/00-1530.html "Blacklight Power, Inc. v. James E. Rogan, Director, Patent and Trademark Office"], United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.</ref>
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 +
Four patent applications in UK were refused by the UK Intellectual Property Office, BLP sued again and the rejection was overturned based on procedural errors in November 2008. The hearing officer of the UK patent office rejected the patents again in June 2009.<ref>[http://www.ipo.gov.uk/pro-types/pro-patent/pro-p-os/p-challenge-decision-results-bl?BL_Number=O/170/09 Patent decision O/170/09], UK Intellectual Property Office</ref>
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*US Patent 6,024,935: Lower-Energy Hydrogen Methods and Structures. Date of Patent: Feb 15, 2000
 
*US Patent 6,024,935: Lower-Energy Hydrogen Methods and Structures. Date of Patent: Feb 15, 2000
  
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==Weblinks==
 
==Weblinks==
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* Park, Bob (6 June 2010). [http://bobpark.physics.umd.edu/WN08/wn060608.html "Hydrinos: How long can a really dumb idea survive?"] What's New?. University of Maryland. accessed April 12, 2010.
 
*http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/28/28971/1.html
 
*http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/28/28971/1.html
 
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight_Power
 
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight_Power
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*http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0022-3727/41/10/108001/
 
*http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0022-3727/41/10/108001/
  
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{{OtherLang|ge=Hydrino|en=Hydrino}}
  
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==Quellennachweise==
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==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
  
 
[[category:Pseudoscience]]
 
[[category:Pseudoscience]]
 
[[category:Free Energy]]
 
[[category:Free Energy]]

Latest revision as of 09:28, 3 June 2011

Hydrino.jpg
Randell Mills

Hydrino is the term applied to an invention of US-American physician and electrical engineer Randell Mills (born in 1957). Mills coined this term to identify a hypothetic variant of the hydrogen atom whose electrons are brought onto an even lower orbit. Physicists criticize the theory of hydrinos as pseudoscience[1][2][3][4] and reject it as "blatant nonsense".[5]

Supporters claim the theory was going to play a role in the development of heating systems and future rocket drives. American NASA, however, did not express an interest.

Commercial activities

A company by the name of "BlackLight Power"[6] is known as a supplier of hydrino technology. BlackLight Power was founded by Mills in 1991 under the name of "HydroCatalysis Inc." and operates in Cranbury, New Jersey.[5] The company is funded by assets from investors and not by sales of products or licences. By 2000 Mills had raised $25 million in funding, by 2009 the venture capital had increased to $60 million, by 2011 no known power generation has occurred. Time and again, BlackLight Power announced they were just months from a breakthrough of their technology which regularly resulted in the entry of new investors.[7] In 1997, BlackLight Power declared they were only six months from building a 100 kilowatt aggregate.

The renowned IEEE Spectrum magazine states:

Why it’s a loser: Most experts don’t believe such lower states exist, and they say the experiments don’t present convincing evidence.[1]

Similar companies

Similar announcements are known of the companies [Felix Würth AG]] and Perendev-Group in Germany. Munich-based Perendev Group of Mike Brady is not available by phone any longer; involved persons defected to Switzerland, and Brady was arrested in his home in Wollerau (Switzerland) on March 29, 2010. Prior to this, charges had been filed since advance payments for alleged energy producing magnet generators had been embezzled.[8] In Switzerland, the company Raum-Quanten-Motoren AG (RQM) owned by one Hans Lehner likewise tried to convince investors with a similar mode of operation. In Ireland, Steorn company has been trying to find investors for their "Orbo" technology which they claim will produce energy „in the near future“.

Blacklight has reported the production of excess energy when sodium hydride is heated in contact with Raney nickel catalyst (R-Ni).[9] An Andrea Rossi also claims to have invented an energy catalyzer based on cold fusion of nickel.

Functional principle

A chemical reaction is said to create the alleged hydrino. As a consequence of reducing the orbit, this hydrino atom (which remains hypothetical and has never been sighted as of yet) should emit energy into its environment, while at the same time be more stable than the original hydrogen atom due to the lower orbit. This, however, would be in contradiction to the findings of quantum physics[10], a fact accepted by Mills who nevertheless contends mainstream quantum physics should be replaced by his grand unified theory of classical quantum mechanics(GUT-CQM) which allegedly was compatible with the existence of hydrinos.[11] Mills refers to results of MIT engineer Hermann A. Haus from 1986.

According to Mills and BlackLight Power, hydrinos emitted energy in the form of ultraviolet light (known as black light) and there were 137 energy levels of the hydrogen atom below its ground state. They claim it was possible to produce between one to twohundred times more energy from hydrogen than with chemical combustion. A prototype of a generator was said to produce a heat capacity of 50 kws, and a fraction of this energy was sufficient to obtain hydrogen from water. If the allegations made by BlackLight Power were true, this would allow the construction of a perpetual motion. Such a device, however, violates the laws of thermodynamics.

Hydrex

The hydrino theory is very similar to the assumptions of Jacques Dufour und Jacques Foos from France who speak of a compressed hydrogen atom they call hydrex and which they link to a hypothetical cold fusion. Suggestions regarding how to produce a hydrex atom, however, differ from those refering to hydrinos. A hydrex allegedly forms in the presence of an intense electro-magnetic field.

Patents

BlackLight Power holds a patent for rendering the chemical bonds of hydrogen using imaging software. All other BLP patent claims in the US and the UK have been rejected. Blacklight tried to sue the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) upon rejection of some patents, but lost.[12]

Four patent applications in UK were refused by the UK Intellectual Property Office, BLP sued again and the rejection was overturned based on procedural errors in November 2008. The hearing officer of the UK patent office rejected the patents again in June 2009.[13]

  • US Patent 6,024,935: Lower-Energy Hydrogen Methods and Structures. Date of Patent: Feb 15, 2000

Literature

  • Alok Jha: Fuel's paradise? Power source that turns physics on its head, The Guardian, 4. November 2005

Weblinks

Versions of this article in other languages

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Loser: Hot or Not?, IEEE Spectrum 2009
  2. ↑ An overview of almost 20 years' research on cold fusion, Contemporary Physics, 2008
  3. ↑ BlackLight Power bolsters its impossible claims of a new renewable energy source, The New York Times, 2008
  4. ↑ "A critical analysis of the hydrino model", New Journal of Physics 2005
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Academics Question The Science Behind BlackLight Power, Inc.", Crimson Staff (May 17, 2000).
  6. ↑ Website BlackLight Power
  7. ↑ "Researcher Claims Power Tech That Defies Quantum Theory"Dow Jones NewsWires (October 6, 1999)
  8. ↑ Hokuspokus-Betrüger festgenommen!, tz-online, 2010 (German)
  9. ↑ "Commercializable power source from forming new states of hydrogen", Mills, R. L.; Zhao, K.; Akhtar; Chang, R.; He, J.; Lu, Y.; Good, W.; Dhandapani, B. Blacklight Power (self published), accessed April 10, 2011
  10. ↑ BlackLight's physics-defying promise: Cheap power from water, CNN Money, 2008
  11. ↑ The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics by Randell Mills
  12. ↑ "Blacklight Power, Inc. v. James E. Rogan, Director, Patent and Trademark Office", United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.
  13. ↑ Patent decision O/170/09, UK Intellectual Property Office
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