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[[image:Wakefield.jpg|thumb]]

[[image:Wakefield.jpg|thumb]]

'''Andrew Jeremy Wakefield''' (born 1957) is a british surgeon, who created a lot of attention with an 1998 publication in ''The Lancet'' in both among experts and in the public. The article titled ''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''<ref name=Wakefield98>Wakefield AJ et al.: ''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''. Lancet. 351(9103), 1998, S. 637-41 PMID 9500320 ([http://www.healthprotection.org.uk/ncbugs/ACROBATS/Wakefield98.pdf PDF, 592 kB])</ref> correlates MMR-vaccination with autism. As a consequence, vaccination rates dropped, especially in Great Britain.

'''Andrew Jeremy Wakefield''' (born 1957) is a British surgeon who received a lot of attention with a 1998 publication in ''The Lancet'', both among experts and in public. The article titled ''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''<ref name=Wakefield98>Wakefield AJ et al.: ''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''. Lancet. 351(9103), 1998, S. 637-41 PMID 9500320 ([http://www.healthprotection.org.uk/ncbugs/ACROBATS/Wakefield98.pdf PDF, 592 kB])</ref> correlates MMR vaccination with autism. As a consequence, vaccination rates dropped, especially in Great Britain.

2004 it emerged, that Wakefield hat recieved prior to publication 55,000 £ from lawyers representing parents of autistic children.<ref>Brian Deer: ''[http://briandeer.com/mmr/lancet-deer-1.htm Revealed: MMR Research Scandal]'' The Sunday Times (London) February 22 2004</ref>. They were searching cor connections between autism and vaccination in order to sue manufacturers of vaccines. This was known neither to Wakefields co-authors nor to ''The Lancet''. As a consequence, ten of thirteen authors stepped back.<ref>Murch SH et al.: Retraction of an interpretation. Lancet. 2004;363(9411):750 PMID 15016483</ref> February 2010 the article was retracted by ''The Lancet''.<ref name="retraction">The Editors of The Lancet: Retraction &ndash; Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 2 February 2010. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-7</ref>

In 2004, it became public that Wakefield had received 55,000 £ from lawyers representing parents of autistic children prior to the publication of his article.<ref>Brian Deer: ''[http://briandeer.com/mmr/lancet-deer-1.htm Revealed: MMR Research Scandal]'' The Sunday Times (London) February 22 2004</ref>. Lawyers were looking for connections between autism and vaccination in order to sue manufacturers of vaccines. This was known neither to Wakefield's co-authors nor to ''The Lancet''. As a consequence, ten of thirteen authors stepped back.<ref>Murch SH et al.: Retraction of an interpretation. Lancet. 2004;363(9411):750 PMID 15016483</ref> In February 2010, the article was retracted by ''The Lancet''.<ref name="retraction">The Editors of The Lancet: Retraction &ndash; Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 2 February 2010. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-7</ref>

Wakefield left his position in the ''Royal Free Hospital'' in London 2001, and now works for a private hospital in the US. 2007 he had to face charges by the british medical association.<ref>Reiner Luyken: ''[http://images.zeit.de/text/2007/17/M-Anti-Impfkampagne Panik vor dem Piks]''. DIE ZEIT, 19.04.2007, 17/2007</ref>In May 2010 he received an occupational ban<ref name='NIH'>http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/medizin/0,1518,696472,00.html</ref>.

Wakefield resigned from his position in the ''Royal Free Hospital'' in London 2001, and now works for a private hospital in the USA. In 2007, he had to face charges by the British Medical Association.<ref>Reiner Luyken: ''[http://images.zeit.de/text/2007/17/M-Anti-Impfkampagne Panik vor dem Piks]''. DIE ZEIT, 19.04.2007, 17/2007</ref>In May 2010 he received an occupational ban<ref name='NIH'>http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/medizin/0,1518,696472,00.html</ref>.

Non the less, his long refuted theories are still taken up by esoteric or [[CAM]] inspired circles, e.g. [[Christopher Maloney]].

His long refuted theories nonetheless are still accepted by esoteric or [[CAM]] inspired circles and persons, e.g. [[Christopher Maloney]].

==''The Lancet'' article in 1998==

==''The Lancet'' article in 1998==

In February 1998 a group around Andrew Wakefield published a report titled "''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''" in the renowned medical publication ''The Lancet''.<ref name=Wakefield98>AJ Wakefield et al.: ''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''. Lancet. 351(9103), 1998, S. 637-41 PMID 9500320 [http://www.healthprotection.org.uk/ncbugs/ACROBATS/Wakefield98.pdf PDF]</ref> The report analysed the cases of twelve autistic children, who were treated 1996-1997 in the Royal Free Hospital north of London. It describes bowel related symptoms, which according to Wakefield are proof of a completely new syndrome, which he later called autistic Enterocolitis. Wakefield recommended a closer investigation of possible causes in the environment of the children, amongst others the MMR vaccine. In the publication, a connection between stomach-bowel symptoms and developmental disorders of these children is suspected, which are ostensibly related to the MMR vaccination. A causal connection, that MMR vaccines lead to autism, was not reached however. In a press conference prior to publication Wakefield said he recommends to use single vaccines instead of the triple MMR until clarification. He further stated that eight of the twelve parents consider the vaccination a possible cause, as vaccination and first symptoms followed within days. He stated that he cannot support the further use of MMR vaccine without detailed investigation. In a videorecording prepared for TV in advance he demanded, that MMR be no longer used and single vaccines be used instead.<ref>[http://briandeer.com/wakefield/royal-video.htm Video des Wakefield-Interviews]</ref>

In February 1998, a group around Andrew Wakefield published a report titled "''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''" in the renowned medical publication ''The Lancet''.<ref name=Wakefield98>AJ Wakefield et al.: ''Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children''. Lancet. 351(9103), 1998, S. 637-41 PMID 9500320 [http://www.healthprotection.org.uk/ncbugs/ACROBATS/Wakefield98.pdf PDF]</ref> The report analysed the cases of twelve autistic children who were treated in the Royal Free Hospital in the north of London in 1996-1997. The report described bowel related symptoms which, according to Wakefield, were to be seen as proof of a completely new syndrome which he later called Autistic Enterocolitis. Wakefield recommended a closer investigation of possible causes in the environment of these children, so e.g. in respect to the MMR vaccine. The publication suggested a connection between stomach-bowel symptoms and developmental disorders found in these children which was perceived as ostensibly related to the MMR vaccination. A causal connection of MMR vaccines leading to autism, however, was not established. In a press conference prior to the publication, Wakefield said he recommended the use of single vaccines instead of the triple MMR until clarification was obtained. He further stated that eight of the twelve parents considered the vaccination a possible cause, as vaccination and first symptoms occured within days. He stated he could not support the further use of MMR vaccine without detailed investigation. In a video recording prepared for TV in advance he demanded to stop the use of MMR and replace them with single vaccines instead.<ref>[http://briandeer.com/wakefield/royal-video.htm Video des Wakefield-Interviews]</ref>

===The resulting dispute===

===The resulting dispute===

Report, press conference and video unsettled the bitisch people. A heated debate followed, where both sides used Wakefields research as arguments. He was publicly attacked, his critics doubted correctness as well as ethics of his research. Government and National Health Service (NHS) emphasized that extensive epidemiological data would show no correlation between MMR-vaccination and developmental disorders. Many parents refused to believe this, as official information was discredited earlier, as in the case of BSE. Government was blamed that the higher cost of single vaccinations is the cause for their rejection. As a result, MMR vaccination rates dropped from&nbsp;92% (1996) to&nbsp;84% (2002). For parts of London it was suspected, that only&nbsp;60% of neccessary MMR vaccinations are performed, which is substantially below what is needed for herd immunity of measels. Although no measeles epidemic was observed so far, physicians warned of its possibility as the number of infections is on the rise.

Report, press conference, and video unsettled the Britisch public. A heated debate followed, in which both sides used Wakefield's research as arguments. He was publicly criticized, with his critics expressing doubts regarding correctness as well as ethics of his research. Government and National Health Service (NHS) emphasized that extensive epidemiological data showed no correlation between MMR vaccination and developmental disorders. Many parents refused to believe this, since official information had been discredited earlier, as in the case of BSE. Government was accused that their true motif for rejecting single vaccinations was the higher cost of these. As a result, MMR vaccination rates decreased from&nbsp;92% (1996) to&nbsp;84% (2002). It was suspected that only&nbsp;60% of neccessary MMR vaccinations were performed in some districts of London which is substantially below what is needed for herd immunity of measles. Although no measles epidemic occured so far, physicians warned that epidemics were possible since the number of infections was increasing.

One factor in the dispute is, that only the combined vaccine is available via the NHS. Parents rejecting this vaccine can pay themselves or not vaccinate at all. Then prime minister Tony Blar defended the MMR-vaccine in public, but refused to comment on the vaccination of his son Leo.

One issue in the dispute was that only the combined vaccine is available via NHS. Parents rejecting this vaccine can either pay for single vaccinations out of their own pockets or not vaccinate at all. Then Prime Minister Tony Blair üublically defended the MMR vaccine, but at the same time refused to comment the vaccination status of his youngest son Leo.

The majority of paediatricians prefers the combined vaccine, as it is less wearing for the child, and parents have rather one vaccination done instead of three.

The majority of pediatricians prefer the combined vaccine, as it is less strenuous for the child, and many parents rather have one vaccination done instead of three.

Epidemiological research on hundret thousands of children in numerous studies failed to indicate a link between MMR-vaccination and autism. Critics of these studies, as the retired intern John Walker-Smith, despite being in support of the triple vaccine, labelled epidemiology a 'blunt tool', which does not neccesarily expose such connections.<ref>http://www.vaccinationnews.com/DailyNews/February2002/AutBowMeas.htm</ref> As an example, it is difficult to find to populations differing only in vaccination.

Epidemiological research on hundreds of thousands of children in numerous studies failed to indicate a link between MMR vaccination and autism. Critics of these studies, like the retired intern John Walker-Smith, despite being in support of the triple vaccine, labelled epidemiology a 'blunt tool' which does not neccesarily expose such connections.<ref>http://www.vaccinationnews.com/DailyNews/February2002/AutBowMeas.htm</ref> As an example, it is difficult to find to populations differing in vaccination only.

Dr.&nbsp;Wakefield ceased to work at the Royal Free Hospital 2001 and works now for a controversil private hospital in the USA. His continued studies include work on possible immunological, metabolical and pathological changes caused by "autistic Enterocolitis", as well as connections between bowel diseases and neurological disorders in children and their possible connection to vaccines<ref>[http://www.thoughtfulhouse.org/bio_awakefield.htm A.&nbsp;Wakefield at his new employer]</ref>

Dr.&nbsp;Wakefield gave up his position at the Royal Free Hospital in 2001 and now works for a controversial private hospital in the USA. His continued studies include research on possible immunological, metabolical, and pathological changes caused by "Autistic Enterocolitis", as well as connections between bowel diseases and neurological disorders in children and their possible connection to vaccines<ref>[http://www.thoughtfulhouse.org/bio_awakefield.htm A.&nbsp;Wakefield at his new employer]</ref>

===Conflict of interests===

===Conflict of interest===

In february 2004 the Journalist Brian Deer exposed, that Wakefield hat recieved £&nbsp;55.000 in third-party funds prior to publishing the ''Lancet''-report from lawyers in search of a connection between autism and MMR-vaccination.<ref>[http://briandeer.com/mmr/lancet-deer-1.htm B ''Deer: Revealed: MMR Research Scandal'']. The Sunday Times, London, 22.&nbsp;Februar 2004</ref> According to the ''Sunday Times'' several of the quoted parents where involved in law suits against MMR-vaccine manufacturers. Despite Wakefield stated, that these third-party funds were public from the beginning, it was critizized that this fact was known neither to the ''Lancet'', nor to his Co-authors. Feb. 20th 2004 the ''Lancet'' called Wakefields study due to a ''fatal conflict of interest'' as ''flawed'' and stated it should have never been published. Several of Wakefields Co-authors also critizized the lacking information about the third-party funds in clear words.<ref>[http://www.staffnurse.com/nursing-news-articles/mmr-autism-link-study-476.html]</ref> The General Medical Council, in Great Britain responsible for licensing physicians and surveillance of medical ethics, began investigations.<ref>[http://briandeer.com/wakefield/gmc-alleges.htm]</ref>

In February 2004, journalist Brian Deer exposed information that Wakefield had recieved £&nbsp;55.000 in third-party funds prior to publishing the ''Lancet'' report, with the money paid by lawyers looking for a connection between autism and MMR vaccination.<ref>[http://briandeer.com/mmr/lancet-deer-1.htm B ''Deer: Revealed: MMR Research Scandal'']. The Sunday Times, London, February&nbsp;22, 2004</ref> According to the ''Sunday Times'', several of the parents quoted were involved in law suits against manufacturers of MMR vaccines. Although Wakefield stated that these third-party funds had been public from the beginning, the fact that this was known neither to the ''Lancet'' nor to his co-authors raised much criticism. On February 20, 2004, the ''Lancet'' rated Wakefield's study ''flawed'' due to a ''fatal conflict of interest'' and concluded it should have never been published. Several of Wakefield's co-authors also criticized the lack of information about these third-party funds in explicit ways.<ref>[http://www.staffnurse.com/nursing-news-articles/mmr-autism-link-study-476.html]</ref> The General Medical Council, responsible for issuing medical licences and surveillance of medical ethics in Great Britain, began investigations.<ref>[http://briandeer.com/wakefield/gmc-alleges.htm]</ref>

Further, Wakefield and the Royal Free Hospital Medical School in London submitted 9&nbsp;Months before the incriminated report caused world-wide fear and uncertainity with respect to the MMR-vaccine, a series of patents protecting a number of potentially very profitable products. These would only have a chance on the market, if the renown ot the MMR-vaccine is damaged. The patents regarded an allegedly safe measles-vaccine and medication for the treatment of bowel diseases and autism, which were based on the assumption that they are caused by the MMR-vaccination.<ref>http://briandeer.com/wakefield-deer.htm</ref>

Furthermore, nine months before the incriminated report caused world-wide anxiety and uncertainty regarding the MMR vaccines, a series of patents protecting several potentially very profitable products happened to be submitted by Wakefield and the Royal Free Hospital Medical School in London. Obviously, such products would enjoy a much larger chance on the market if and when the MMR vaccines experienced a damage in reputation. The patents regarded an allegedly safe measles vaccine and medication for the treatment of bowel diseases and autism which were based on the assumption these conditions were caused by MMR vaccination.<ref>http://briandeer.com/wakefield-deer.htm</ref>

===Withdrawal of the ''Lancet''-report===

===''Lancet'' report retracted===

As a consequence of Brian Deers article ten of the thirteen authors of the report formally renounced the claim to have found a connection between autism and MMR.<ref>Murch SH et al.: Retraction of an interpretation. Lancet. 2004;363(9411):750 PMID 15016483</ref> Deer continued his investigation in a documentation on british TV ''MMR: What They Didn't Tell You'', which was broadcats Nov.&nbsp;18. 2004. In it, Wakefield was accused to own patents for competing products to MMR and to know of tests from his own lab clearly contradicting his claims.<ref>B Deer: [http://briandeer.com/wakefield-deer.htm Further accusations]</ref> Feb. 2nd 2010 ''The Lancet'' announced to completely remove the article from 1998 from his list of publications.<ref name="retraction"/><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8493753.stm Lancet accepts MMR study 'false'</ref>

As a consequence of Brian Deer's article, ten of altogether thirteen authors of the report formally renounced the claim of having found a connection between autism and MMR.<ref>Murch SH et al.: Retraction of an interpretation. Lancet. 2004;363(9411):750 PMID 15016483</ref> Deer continued investigations in a documentation on British TV titled ''MMR: What They Didn't Tell You'', which was broadcast Nov.&nbsp;18, 2004. The report accused Wakefield of owning  patents on products competitive to MMR, and of being aware of test results from his own laboratories in contradiction to his claims.<ref>B Deer: [http://briandeer.com/wakefield-deer.htm Further accusations]</ref> On February 2, 2010, ''The Lancet'' announced to have the 1998 article removed completely from their list of publications.<ref name="retraction"/><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8493753.stm Lancet accepts MMR study 'false'</ref>

===Anti-Vaccination lawyers paid 3,5&nbsp;Million Pound===

===Anti-Vaccination lawyers paid 3.5&nbsp;million Pound===

Further investigation by the english newspaper ''Sunday Times'' yield, that prior to the publication Wakefield and others recieved up to 3,5&nbsp;Million british Pound from a law firm, which represents the parents of allegedly marred children. Andrew Wakefield supposedly has recieved half a million pound, the first payments being made two years before the publication. Five of his co-authors and one reviewer, who checked the publication for ''The Lancet'' had recieved personal payments, too. <ref>H. Kaulen: [http://www.faz.net/s/Rub9D1EE68AC11C4C50AC3F3509F354677D/Doc~EC63B7196515B464D9C345BA3990C6991~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html Artikel in der FAZ], 8. Januar 2007</ref>

Further investigation by the English newspaper ''Sunday Times'' established that Wakefield and others, prior to the publication, received up to 3.5&nbsp;million British Pound from a law firm which represented the parents of children allegedly affected. Andrew Wakefield apparently received 500,000 pound, with first payments already having been made two years prior to the publication. Five of Wakefield's co-authors and one reviewer who checked the publication for ''The Lancet'' had also received personal payments. <ref>H. Kaulen: [http://www.faz.net/s/Rub9D1EE68AC11C4C50AC3F3509F354677D/Doc~EC63B7196515B464D9C345BA3990C6991~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html Artikel in der FAZ], 8. Januar 2007</ref>

As a consequence, the Gerneral Medical Council prepared to have Wakefield barred.<ref>Reiner Luyken: ''[http://www.zeit.de/2007/17/M-Anti-Impfkampagne?page=all Panik vor dem Piks]''. Die Zeit, 19.&nbsp;April 2007, Nr.&nbsp;17</ref>

As a consequence, the Gerneral Medical Council prepared legal steps to have Wakefield's medical licence revoked.<ref>Reiner Luyken: ''[http://www.zeit.de/2007/17/M-Anti-Impfkampagne?page=all Panik vor dem Piks]''. Die Zeit, 19.&nbsp;April 2007, Nr.&nbsp;17</ref>

==New studies on autism==

==New studies on autism==

Epidemiological research shows an upward trend for autism in recent years. The cause is unclear, however a change in diagnostics and census is more likely compared to a real increase.<ref>B Taylor et al.: ''Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: population study''. British Medical Journal, Vol 324, 16. Feb. 2002, S. 393-396 [http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/324/7334/393?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&author1=taylor%2C+b&author2=miller%2C+e&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1113249908936_21240&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=1,2,3,4 PDF]</ref><ref>[http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/330/7483/112-d# BMJJournals.com] - 'Rapid Responses to: Increase in autism due to change in definition, not MMR vaccine' ''British Medical Journal'' (Meinungsaustausch der ''BMJ''-Website)</ref><ref name="Barbar">WJ Barbaresi et al.: ''The incidence of autism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1997: results from a population-based study''. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Jan. 2005, 159(1), S. 37-44 PMID 15630056</ref> Diagnose of autism has been broadened in recent years, with children being examined more intense and earlier than before. A causal link between MMR and autism is can be almost certainly be excluded, as can be shown by the studies quoted later, which are very comprehensive compared to what Wakefield did. Science today believes that the different forms of autism are very much controlled by genetic factors. The importance of genetics in this field is emphasized by twin studies: Whereas identical twins show a correlation of 80% to 90%, this risk is much lower for fraternal twins.

Epidemiological research shows an upward trend for autism in recent years. The cause is uncertain; however, a change in diagnostics and census is more likely than an increase in actual numbers.<ref>B Taylor et al.: ''Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: population study''. British Medical Journal, Vol 324, 16. Feb. 2002, S. 393-396 [http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/324/7334/393?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&author1=taylor%2C+b&author2=miller%2C+e&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1113249908936_21240&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=1,2,3,4 PDF]</ref><ref>[http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/330/7483/112-d# BMJJournals.com] - 'Rapid Responses to: Increase in autism due to change in definition, not MMR vaccine' ''British Medical Journal'' (Meinungsaustausch der ''BMJ''-Website)</ref><ref name="Barbar">WJ Barbaresi et al.: ''The incidence of autism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1997: results from a population-based study''. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Jan. 2005, 159(1), S. 37-44 PMID 15630056</ref> Diagnosis of autism has intensified in recent years, with children being examined more efficiently and at an earlier age than before. A causal link between MMR and autism can be excluded with utmost probability, as is shown by later studies which also happen to be very comprehensive in comparison to Wakefield's. Science today assumes that the different forms of autism are very much controlled by genetic factors. The importance of genetics in this field is emphasized by studies including twins: Whereas identical twins show a correlation of 80% to 90%, this risk is much lower for fraternal twins.

* After Wakefields publication, many studies on MMR and autism followed. <ref>List of 17 studies on a MMR-Autism link, Immunization Action Coalition [http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4026.pdf]</ref> October 2003 an EU-funded meta-study was published, which summarizes the results of 120 other studies, summarizing and analyzing the adverse effects of MMR-vaccine<ref>T Jefferson: ''Unintended events following immunization with MMR: a systematic review''. Vaccine. 2003 Sep 8;21(25-26), S. 3954-60 PMID 12922131</ref> The authors concluded:

* After Wakefields publication, many studies on MMR and autism followed. <ref>List of 17 studies on a MMR-Autism link, Immunization Action Coalition [http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4026.pdf]</ref> In October 2003, a EU-funded meta-study was published which reviews the results of 120 previous studies, summarizing and analyzing the adverse effects of MMR-vaccine<ref>T Jefferson: ''Unintended events following immunization with MMR: a systematic review''. Vaccine. 2003 Sep 8;21(25-26), S. 3954-60 PMID 12922131</ref> The authors concluded:

**The vaccine has both positive effects and adverse effects

**The vaccine has both positive and adverse effects

**It is ''highly unlikely'' that a connection between MMR and autism exists

**A connection between MMR and autism is ''highly unlikely''  

**Design and report of results relevant for security in MMR-vaccine studies are mostly inadequate

**Design and report of results relevant for security in MMR-vaccine studies are mostly inadequate

* In January 2005 after intensive research in Minnesota an eightfold increase in autism was observed. Research reached from the early 1980s an ended in late 1990s. No connection to MMR was found. Authors suspect, that a change in diagnostics and a changing definition is responsible.<ref name="Barbar"/>

* In January 2005 after intensive research in Minnesota an eightfold increase in autism was observed. Research reached from the early 1980s an ended in late 1990s. No connection to MMR was found. Authors suspect, that a change in diagnostics and a changing definition is responsible.<ref name="Barbar"/>

* In march 2005 a study on 30.000 children born near Yokohama concluded that autism is on the rise (from 46-86 cases in 10.000 children to 97-161 cases in 10.000 children), despite MMR vaccine was no longer used in Japan since april 1993. The authors concluded ''"The relevance of these results is, that MMR is most likely not a cause of ASD, as the rise in ASD cannot be explained, and a withdrawl of MMR in countries where it is still in use will not lead to a decline in ASD."''.<ref>H Honda, Y Shimizu, M Rutter: ''No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study''. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;46(6):572-9. PMID 15877763</ref> Wakefield claims however, the rise in autism, which is backed by the data, would support his hypothesis.<ref>''Japanese Study Is The Strongest Evidence Yet For A Link Between MMR And Autism''. The Red Flag, 6.&nbsp;März 2005 [http://www.redflagsweekly.com/articles/2005_mar06_2.html]</ref> His point of view found little support, however.<ref>I Sample: ''Lingering fears of MMR-autism link dispelled''. The Guardian, 3.&nbsp;März 2005&nbsp;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0%2C3604%2C1429115%2C00.html]</ref>

* In March 2005, a study on 30,000 children born near Yokohama concluded that autism is on the rise (from 46-86 cases in 10,000 children to 97-161 cases in 10,000 children), despite the fact that MMR vaccines were no longer used in Japan since April 1993. The authors concluded ''"The relevance of these results is that MMR is most likely not a cause of ASD, as the rise in ASD cannot be explained, and a withdrawal of MMR in countries where it is still in use will not lead to a decline in ASD."''.<ref>H Honda, Y Shimizu, M Rutter: ''No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study''. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;46(6):572-9. PMID 15877763</ref> Wakefield claims, however, the rise in autism backed by data supported his hypothesis.<ref>''Japanese Study Is The Strongest Evidence Yet For A Link Between MMR And Autism''. The Red Flag, 6.&nbsp;März 2005 [http://www.redflagsweekly.com/articles/2005_mar06_2.html]</ref> His point of view was met with little support, however.<ref>I Sample: ''Lingering fears of MMR-autism link dispelled''. The Guardian, 3.&nbsp;März 2005&nbsp;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0%2C3604%2C1429115%2C00.html]</ref>

* In october 2005 the ''Cochrane Library'' published a summary of scientific studies and concluded: ''"There is no plausible proof for the harmfullnes of MMR vaccine"''. On the other hand, these authors too critizized the design and the reporting of security-relevant results in MMR studies as mostly inadequate.<ref name= Demicheli2005>V Demicheli,T Jefferson, A Rivetti, D Price: ''Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children''. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD004407. [http://www.cochrane.org/press/MMR_final.pdf PDF]</ref> Cochrane, in Oxford, England, is seen from may scientists as the highest independent control for medical publications and as a guardian of evidence based medicine.

* In October 2005, the ''Cochrane Library'' published a summary of scientific studies and concluded: ''"There is no plausible proof for the harmfullnes of MMR vaccine"''. On the other hand, these authors, too, critizized the design and the reporting of security-relevant results in MMR studies as mostly inadequate.<ref name= Demicheli2005>V Demicheli,T Jefferson, A Rivetti, D Price: ''Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children''. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD004407. [http://www.cochrane.org/press/MMR_final.pdf PDF]</ref> Cochrane - situated in Oxford, England - is seen as the highest independent control for medical publications and as a guardian of evidence-based medicine by many scientists.

* A case-control study from 2008 makes it highly impropable that MMR and autism are connected.<ref>Hornig M, Briese T, Buie T, Bauman ML, Lauwers G, et al. 2008 Lack of Association between Measles Virus Vaccine and Autism with Enteropathy: A Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE 3(9): e3140 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003140</ref>

* A case-control study dated 2008 makes a connection between MMR and autism highly improbable.<ref>Hornig M, Briese T, Buie T, Bauman ML, Lauwers G, et al. 2008 Lack of Association between Measles Virus Vaccine and Autism with Enteropathy: A Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE 3(9): e3140 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003140</ref>

==Occupational ban==

==Revocation of medical licence==

In may 2010 Wakefield lost his licence for great britain due to inappropriate conduct. The General Medical Council did not review the scientific basis for his research, but its realization. It is claimed that e.g that Wakefield used his sons bithday to get samples of his firends blood, for what he paid money. In doing so, he has brought the medical profession in disrepute, the Council stated.

In May 2010, Wakefield lost his medical licence for Great Britain due to inappropriate conduct. The General Medical Council did not review the scientific basis for his research, but its realization. One issue was that Wakefield e.g. included a blood sample obtained from a friend of his son's using his son's birth date, and Wakefield also made a payment for the sample. The Council stated this was not in accordance with an appropriate conduct and caused damage to the medical profession.

Wakefield emmigrated to the US, where in 2005 he founded a non-profit autism center. Despite the occupational ban in great britain he can practise medicine there.<ref name='NIH'></ref>.

Wakefield migrated to the USA where he founded a non-profit autism center in 2005. Despite the occupational ban in Great Britain he can practise medicine legally in the USA.<ref name='NIH'></ref>.

==Literature==

==Literature==