Changes

[[image:Rossi_Focardi.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (Picture "La Repubblica"). A (yellow) dosimetric pump of the type "LMI P18" can be seen in the foreground (maximum flow: 12.1 l/h) switched at 60% flow rate.|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_Focardi.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (Picture "La Repubblica"). A (yellow) dosimetric pump of the type "LMI P18" can be seen in the foreground (maximum flow: 12.1 l/h)|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_Focardi3.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (picture: "Rainews24")|300px|thumb]]

[[image:Rossi_Focardi3.jpg|Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi (Picture: TV channel "Rainews24" - YouTube)|300px|thumb]]

The '''Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer''' (also ''E-Cat'' or ''Rossi Energy Amplifier'' or just ''Rossi energy catalyzer'') is an alleged compact fusion reactor planned to be brought to market in 2011. According to Italian inventors, alleged engineer(see below) Andrea Rossi<ref>Rossi: ''I am a doctor in the Philosophy of Science and Engineering from the Universita’ Degli Studi Di Milano''</ref> and Professor emeritus in physics Sergio Focardi, [[Cold Fusion|cold fusion]] of hydrogen and nickel was taking place in the reactor<ref>Andrea Rossi in his patent application, Page&nbsp;12: ''the reaction actually provides a true nuclear cold fusion.''</ref>, leading under emission of strong heat to the formation of copper. The demonstrations of Rossi in 2011 were criticized by various sources. Neither gamma nor neutron radiation could be measured<ref>http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf</ref> and there is no proof for the creation of non-natural isotope ratios in the alleged fusion products. The respective experiments, which should have shown energy production through "cold fusion", had several methodological weaknesses and were riddled with contradicting statements. Independent tests, which might have proven a fusion process according to the said principle, failed so far. Specialist literature about the "Energy-Catalyzer" is not available(as of April 2011).

The '''Focardi-Rossi Energy-Catalyzer''' (also ''E-Cat'' or ''Rossi Energy Amplifier'') is an alleged compact fusion reactor planned to be brought to market in 2011. According to Italian inventors, alleged engineer(see below) Andrea Rossi<ref>Rossi: ''I am a doctor in the Philosophy of Science and Engineering from the Universita’ Degli Studi Di Milano''</ref> and Professor emeritus in physics Sergio Focardi, [[Cold Fusion|cold fusion]] of hydrogen and nickel was taking place in the reactor<ref>Andrea Rossi in his patent application, Page&nbsp;12: ''the reaction actually provides a true nuclear cold fusion.''</ref>, leading under emission of strong heat to the formation of copper. The demonstrations of Rossi in 2011 were criticized by various sources. Neither gamma nor neutron radiation could be measured<ref>http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf</ref> and there is no proof for the creation of non-natural isotope ratios in the alleged fusion products. The respective experiments, which should have shown energy production through "cold fusion", had several methodological weaknesses and were riddled with contradicting statements. Independent tests, which might have proven a fusion process according to the said principle, failed so far. Specialist literature about the "Energy-Catalyzer" is not available(as of April 2011).

A Greek business newspaper announced in March 2011 that the concept is central to a speculative investment-deal of several hundred million Euro. Rossi had been in conflict with the law previously and had also offered thermoelectrical elements with wondrous efficiency, which showed just average properties when tested.

A Greek business newspaper announced in March 2011 that the concept is central to a speculative investment-deal of several hundred million Euro. Rossi had been in conflict with the law previously and had also offered thermoelectrical elements with wondrous efficiency, which showed just average properties when tested.

==Presentation on January 14, 2011==

==Presentation on January 14, 2011==

[[image:FAE4.jpg|Video of an experiment taking several minutes during a public presentation on January 14, 2011 (Source: [http://curiositybox.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/bologna-14111-cronaca-test-fusione-fredda-del-reattore-nichel-idrogeno-focardi-rossi/ Curiosity-Blog])|300px|left|thumb]]

[[image:FAE4.jpg|Video of an experiment taking several minutes during a public presentation on January 14, 2011 (Source: [http://curiositybox.wordpress.com/2011/01/16/bologna-14111-cronaca-test-fusione-fredda-del-reattore-nichel-idrogeno-focardi-rossi/ Curiosity-Blog])|300px|left|thumb]]

[[image:RF_14012011_3.jpg|temperature curve, showing two periods at which the temperature was close to 100 C (17 minutes). (reconstruction according to YouTube video)|300px|thumb]]  

[[image:RF_14012011_3.jpg|Temperature curve, with two periods (17 minutes) where 100°C were reached (reconstructed from video)|300px|thumb]]  

[[image:RF_Dauer2.jpg|Screenshot from a video of the experiment used to estimate its duration|thumb]]

[[image:RF_Dauer2.jpg|Screenshot from a video of the experiment used to estimate its duration|thumb]]

[[image:RF_Thermometer.jpg|Comparison of the shown probe to a HP474AC probe (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]]

[[image:RF_Thermometer.jpg|Comparison of the shown probe to a HP474AC probe (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]][[image:RF_Pumpe.jpg|Specifications of the used pump "LMI P18" (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]]

[[image:RF_Pumpe.jpg|Specifications of the used pump "LMI&nbsp;P18" (Image: www.physicsforums.com)|thumb]]

[[image:Rf_14012011_8.jpg|alternative calculation showing no "fusion energy" at all (source: unknown user "Ascoli65" - forum EnergeticAmbiente.it)|480px|thumb]]  

Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi gave a press conference on January 14, 2011 which was not only attended by Italian public television station RAI (RAI&nbsp;3) and numerous journalists, but also by several physicists from universities. The presentation was done in rooms rented from the company "GM System" in an industrial area of Bologna<ref>Company GM System, Via dell'Elettricista 16, Bologna</ref> and not in rooms of the Bologna University as claimed on various places in the internet. During the press conference the function of the reactor was demonstrated for about an hour (55&nbsp;minutes) in an adjoining room. An analysis of the recorded measurements which can be seen on the screen of a notebook for a couple of seconds allow to estimate a duration of  15&nbsp;to 20&nbspminutes where a water temperature of 100&nbsp;degrees or more were reached. (see picture). In the report about the experiment the data which can be seen on the notebook are omitted.  It also speaks of a duration of 40&nbsp;minutes, obviously the whole duration including heating up is meant. To calculate the heat output inadvertent or deliberately incorrect values of the water throughput were made, which was in truth less than half of the said amount. The inventors reported about their experiment in their blog<ref>http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=360</ref>, and published three Youtube videos in Italian language [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-0WvK2b7dU], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmHZrhTQhUc].

Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi gave a press conference on January 14, 2011 which was not only attended by Italian public television station RAI (RAI&nbsp;3) and numerous journalists, but also by several physicists from universities. The presentation was done in rooms rented from the company "GM System" in an industrial area of Bologna<ref>Company GM System, Via dell'Elettricista 16, Bologna</ref> and not in rooms of the Bologna University as claimed on various places in the internet. During the press conference the function of the reactor was demonstrated for about an hour (55&nbsp;minutes) in an adjoining room. An analysis of the recorded measurements which can be seen on the screen of a notebook for a couple of seconds allow to estimate a duration of  15&nbsp;to 20&nbspminutes where a water temperature of 100&nbsp;degrees or more were reached. (see picture). In the report about the experiment the data which can be seen on the notebook are omitted.  It also speaks of a duration of 40&nbsp;minutes, obviously the whole duration including heating up is meant. To calculate the heat output inadvertent or deliberately incorrect values of the water throughput were made, which was in truth less than half of the said amount. The inventors reported about their experiment in their blog<ref>http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=360</ref>, and published three Youtube videos in Italian language [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-0WvK2b7dU], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmHZrhTQhUc].

:''[...] no gamma radiation above the background level in the energy region Eγ&nbsp;> 200&nbsp;keV has been observed, neither in single counting, not in coincidence;<br>regardless of the internal details of the reaction chamber, shieldings and other industrial secrets, the γ&nbsp;rates measured with the NaI counters seem not compatible with the rates deduced or expected assuming that the energy production was due to nuclear fusion or decay reactions, as suggested in [1].''

:''[...] no gamma radiation above the background level in the energy region Eγ&nbsp;> 200&nbsp;keV has been observed, neither in single counting, not in coincidence;<br>regardless of the internal details of the reaction chamber, shieldings and other industrial secrets, the γ&nbsp;rates measured with the NaI counters seem not compatible with the rates deduced or expected assuming that the energy production was due to nuclear fusion or decay reactions, as suggested in [1].''

Observers were allowed to weigh the hydrogen gas container before and after the experiment (weight: 13,66&nbsp;kgs). >Even considering possible errors in measurement (duct tape still attached), hydrogen usage was estimated at less than one gramme. Not enough to make conventional hydrogen combustion plausible. Link to the report: [http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf]

Observers were allowed to weigh the hydrogen gas container before and after the experiment (weight: 13,66&nbsp;kgs). >Even considering possible errors in measurement (duct tape still attached), hydrogen usage was estimated at less than one gramme. Not enough to make conventional hydrogen combustion plausible. Link to the report: [http://www.psiram.com/doc/Levi%2C_Giuseppe_-_Report_on_heat_production_during_preliminary_tests_on_the_Rossi_Ni-H_reactor_%282010-2011%29.004810.pdf]

 

'''Inconsistencies:''' Several incomprehensible pieces of information were given after the experiment. Even weeks later the Rossi-Team has not reacted with a correction of said pieces. Not only was the duration of the experiment with 20&nbsp;minutes (where temperature was above 100 degrees) shorter than claimed, but there are also reasons to doubt the other claims of the inventors and operators of the experiment. The estimation of energy by evaporation of water was criticized in "www.physicsforums.com" in retrospect, as respective calculations were made assuming dry vapour without fractions of condensed water, which was not proven. The probe shown in the video can only measure the heat but not the dry condition of the steam. It was claimed that a combined probe of the type HP474AC (Delta Ohm) was used, but in the video a different probe, which looks like a SPC&nbsp;C45 0500 BEX - probe, can be seen. A HP474AC probe is not visible on any video. The claimed water throughput of 292&nbsp;ml/min. (= 17.5 liter/h) was doubted too, since the used pump has only half of this capacity according to specification. A pump of the type "LMI&nbsp;P18" was used, which was confirmed in May 2011 by the Swedish reporter Mats Lewan. Several previous inquiries about the type of the pump were not answer by Andrea Rossi.<ref>From JONP-Blog, Question to Rossi: ''January 28th, 2011 at 10:57 AM<br>Excuse, Dr. Levi, my insistence, but on the lack of an answer to my previous question, let me temporarily assume that the model of the pump used in the January 14th test belongs actually to the Milton Roy LMI Series P1.<br>In such a case, the capacity per stroke could be at maximum 2 ml (model P18 in the Series P1). Now, considering that the pump has been operated at about 57 strokes per minute (hear sound at the beginning of movie 2/3), it makes a maximum water flow rate of 114 ml per minute, that would be 39% only of the value indicated in your preliminary report.<br>Probably, I have got a bad impression and the pump was another one. So I think it would be of great importance, if you could gather and kindly specify, here and/or on the final version of your report, the real specific model and the relevant operating data of the water pump used in your verification test.<br>Thank you and best regards'' (Name)<br><br>A. Rossi:<br>Andrea Rossi<br>January 28th, 2011 at 10:32 PM<br>Dear (Name):<br>I do not know which kind of pump it was, because it has been chosen by the testers, but what I can say, regarding your comment, is:<br>1- the amount of the flow of water has been tested many times during the test, filling a reservoir with a well known volume and taking the time to fill it up.<br>2- I thank you very much for validating our test by redundance: in fact, if only the 39% of the measured flow should have been passed, the reactor would have produced 4.8 kWh, consuming 400 Wh. I am sure that you, being an engineer of a great energy provider, know the first and also the second thermodynamic principle, therefore I am sure you made your comment to congratulate us.<br>For this reason I thank you infinitely.<br>Warm Regards, Andrea Rossi</ref>.

'''Inconsistencies''': Several incomprehensible pieces of information were given shortly after the experiment. Even weeks later the Rossi-Team has not reacted with a correction of said pieces. Not only was the duration of the experiment with 20&nbsp;minutes (where temperature was above 100 degrees) shorter than claimed, but there are also reasons to doubt the other claims of the inventors and operators of the experiment. The estimation of energy by evaporation of water was criticized in "www.physicsforums.com" in retrospect, as respective calculations were made assuming dry vapour without fractions of condensed water, which was not proven. The probe shown in the video can only measure the heat but not the dry condition of the steam. It was claimed that a combined probe of the type HP474AC (Delta Ohm) was used, but in the video a different probe, which looks like a SPC&nbsp;C45 0500 BEX - probe, can be seen. A HP474AC probe is not visible on any video. The claimed water throughput of 292&nbsp;ml/min. (= 17.5 liter/h) was doubted too, since the used pump has only half of this capacity according to specification. A pump of the type "LMI&nbsp;P18" was used, which was confirmed in May 2011 by the Swedish reporter Mats Lewan. Several previous inquiries about the type of the pump were not answer by Andrea Rossi.<ref>From JONP-Blog, Question to Rossi: ''January 28th, 2011 at 10:57 AM<br>Excuse, Dr. Levi, my insistence, but on the lack of an answer to my previous question, let me temporarily assume that the model of the pump used in the January 14th test belongs actually to the Milton Roy LMI Series P1.<br>In such a case, the capacity per stroke could be at maximum 2 ml (model P18 in the Series P1). Now, considering that the pump has been operated at about 57 strokes per minute (hear sound at the beginning of movie 2/3), it makes a maximum water flow rate of 114 ml per minute, that would be 39% only of the value indicated in your preliminary report.<br>Probably, I have got a bad impression and the pump was another one. So I think it would be of great importance, if you could gather and kindly specify, here and/or on the final version of your report, the real specific model and the relevant operating data of the water pump used in your verification test.<br>Thank you and best regards'' (Name)<br><br>A. Rossi:<br>Andrea Rossi<br>January 28th, 2011 at 10:32 PM<br>Dear (Name):<br>I do not know which kind of pump it was, because it has been chosen by the testers, but what I can say, regarding your comment, is:<br>1- the amount of the flow of water has been tested many times during the test, filling a reservoir with a well known volume and taking the time to fill it up.<br>2- I thank you very much for validating our test by redundance: in fact, if only the 39% of the measured flow should have been passed, the reactor would have produced 4.8 kWh, consuming 400 Wh. I am sure that you, being an engineer of a great energy provider, know the first and also the second thermodynamic principle, therefore I am sure you made your comment to congratulate us.<br>For this reason I thank you infinitely.<br>Warm Regards, Andrea Rossi</ref>.

The manufacturer gives a maximal flow of 12.1&nbsp;l/h for the  LMI&nbsp;P18.<ref>http://www.lmipumps.com/Files/lmi/Global/US-en/site_files/seriesj5.pdf</ref> Other models (A/B/C) of LMI pumps can be ruled out, as they they look different. Water throughput of these programmable peristaltic pumps can be regulated. The number of strokes per minute and the pumped volume can be regulated separately. The maximal number of strokes is 100&nbsp;per minute. At 100&nbsp;strokes/min maximum throughput is reached. In one of the YouTube-videos from the presentation on January&nbsp;14, 2011 pump strokes are clearly audible for 30&nbsp;seconds.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE</ref> Counting them gives 29&nbsp;or 30&nbsp; strokes in those thirty seconds. The pump was regulated to 59&nbsp;to 60&nbsp;strokes/minute, which corresponds to 60% of maximal flow rate. Thus the heat output calculated by the team is 240% higher than the actually possible output using the pump shown in the video and certainly wrong. Because of the wrong claim about the mean average powerg (1.073&nbsp;W instead of 600&nbsp;W)  an additional grave error of 78% has to be added. Assuming just a couple of percent condensed water in the vapour would allow to explain the steam generation just through the electrical heating.

The manufacturer gives a maximal flow of 12.1&nbsp;l/h for the  LMI&nbsp;P18.<ref>http://www.lmipumps.com/Files/lmi/Global/US-en/site_files/seriesj5.pdf</ref> Other models (A/B/C) of LMI pumps can be ruled out, as they they look different. Water throughput of these programmable peristaltic pumps can be regulated. The number of strokes per minute and the pumped volume can be regulated separately. The maximal number of strokes is 100&nbsp;per minute. At 100&nbsp;strokes/min maximum throughput is reached. In one of the YouTube-videos from the presentation on January&nbsp;14, 2011 pump strokes are clearly audible for 30&nbsp;seconds.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE</ref> Counting them gives 29&nbsp;or 30&nbsp; strokes in those thirty seconds. The pump was regulated to 59&nbsp;to 60&nbsp;strokes/minute, which corresponds to 60% of maximal flow rate. Thus the heat output calculated by the team is 240% higher than the actually possible output using the pump shown in the video and certainly wrong. Because of the wrong claim about the mean average powerg (1.073&nbsp;W instead of 600&nbsp;W)  an additional grave error of 78% has to be added. Assuming just a couple of percent condensed water in the vapour would allow to explain the steam generation just through the electrical heating.

The report about the experiment states that the used hydrogen cylinder had been weighted before and after the test to establish the amount of used hydrogen with less than a gram margin. For the weight of the pressure cylinder different values are given, but it is said to have been 13,66&nbsp;kg. Available scales for the given range (for 20/30/60&nbsp;kg) allow to read weight in 0.1 gram steps but their precision is far less. Possible scales offer just a precision of 0.2&nbsp;to 0.4&nbsp;gram.<ref>Sartorius (CPA34001S) 34 kg d=0,1 gr e 0,2 gr.[http://www.sartorius-mechatronics.com/DE/de/praezisions-waage-dy3xpfyyb7o.html]<br>Precisa 490K 34000D, 34 kg d=0,1 gr e 0,2 gr [http://www.as-waegetechnik.de/produkte/Industriewaagen/iw/praezisionswaagen_assets/Precisa%20490.pdf]<br>Kern CDS 15K0.05 15 kg d=0,05 g, e 0,25 g<br>Adam Equipment PGL-20001 Precision Balance 20 kg d 0.1g, linearity (±):  0.4g</ref>

The report about the experiment states that the used hydrogen cylinder had been weighted before and after the test to establish the amount of used hydrogen with less than a gram margin. For the weight of the pressure cylinder different values are given, but it is said to have been 13,66&nbsp;kg. Available scales for the given range (for 20/30/60&nbsp;kg) allow to read weight in 0.1 gram steps but their precision is far less. Possible scales offer just a precision of 0.2&nbsp;to 0.4&nbsp;gram.<ref>Sartorius (CPA34001S) 34 kg d=0,1 gr e 0,2 gr.[http://www.sartorius-mechatronics.com/DE/de/praezisions-waage-dy3xpfyyb7o.html]<br>Precisa 490K 34000D, 34 kg d=0,1 gr e 0,2 gr [http://www.as-waegetechnik.de/produkte/Industriewaagen/iw/praezisionswaagen_assets/Precisa%20490.pdf]<br>Kern CDS 15K0.05 15 kg d=0,05 g, e 0,25 g<br>Adam Equipment PGL-20001 Precision Balance 20 kg d 0.1g, linearity (±):  0.4g</ref>

In the course of 2011, inventors and undisclosed non-Italian investors(allegedly Greeks) plan to offer ready-made reactors for industrial application under the marketing name "Hyperion" (not to confuse with a concept for small fission reactors of the same name in the USA). There is an official permission dating from 2006 which enables Italian EON&nbsp;Srl to operate a small power plant, fuelled by bio diesel, producing electric power up to 1 megawatt in the town of Bondero. Inventors also claim to currently work on a small power plant which combines 120 interconnected energy-amplifier reactors of equal electric power of 1,000 kWs either in Greece or in USA, which is supposed to be finished by October 2011 and cost 2 million dollar. As manufacturer the Greek company „Defkalion Green Technologies S.A.“ is mentioned.

In the course of 2011, inventors and undisclosed non-Italian investors(allegedly Greeks) plan to offer ready-made reactors for industrial application under the marketing name "Hyperion" (not to confuse with a concept for small fission reactors of the same name in the USA). There is an official permission dating from 2006 which enables Italian EON&nbsp;Srl to operate a small power plant, fuelled by bio diesel, producing electric power up to 1 megawatt in the town of Bondero. Inventors also claim to currently work on a small power plant which combines 120 interconnected energy-amplifier reactors of equal electric power of 1,000 kWs either in Greece or in USA, which is supposed to be finished by October 2011 and cost 2 million dollar. As manufacturer the Greek company „Defkalion Green Technologies S.A.“ is mentioned.

There is a ''Leonardo Corporation''<ref>Leonardo Corporation, 116 South River Road, Bedford, N.H. 03110 - USA. Webseite: http://leonardocorp1996.com</ref> located in Bedford, New Hampshire, allegedly Rossi's employer. Their e-mail address is identical with EON&nbsp;Srl's in Italy. This company and Greek Defkalion are supposed to build the future "reactors". It offers currently electric generators fuelled by bio diesel (with turbo chargers and intercooling). The company claims a high degree of efficiency due to its patented "EON" technology which was able to recover incurred thermal losses.

There is a ''Leonardo Corporation''<ref>Leonardo Corporation, 116 South River Road, Bedford, N.H. 03110 - USA. Website: http://leonardocorp1996.com</ref> located in Bedford, New Hampshire, USA owned by Rossi which is listed as contact address of EON. Their e-mail address is identical with EON&nbsp;Srl's in Italy. This company and Greek Defkalion are supposed to build the future "reactors". It offers currently electric generators fuelled by bio diesel (with turbo chargers and intercooling). The company claims a high degree of efficiency due to its patented "EON" technology which was able to recover incurred thermal losses.

==Leonardo Technologies Inc.==

==Leonardo Technologies Inc.==

[[image:LTI.jpg|Thermoelectric wonder device of LTI|thumb]]

[[image:LTI.jpg|Thermoelectric wonder device of LTI|thumb]]

Leonardo Technologies Inc. (LTI) is another US-American company co-founded by Andrea Rossi. He sold this company in the late 90ies. Today, LTI Inc. is located in Bedford, NH (USA). LTI (formerly in Manchester,NH) tried to develop thermoelectric modules with wondrous degrees of efficiency. Such elements work due to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect thermoelectric effect] (see also [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_cooling Thermoelectric cooling] enabling them to convert temperature differences to electrical voltage. Voltage is very low but through serial circuits higher voltage can be achieved. Efficiency is known to be very low. It lies between 2 and 4 percent and useful applications are limited to special needs ("Plutonium cells", satellite supply without sun collectors). Such converters would be only of commercial interest if efficiencies beyond 15% were achieved. LIT claimed to have realized thermoelectric modules (TE-device) with 20% efficiency. It was also claimed that they could build big converters with a capacity of several kilowatts. A collaboration with the university of New Hampshire was agreed upon. A device with 1&nbsp;A and 100&nbsp;volt (100&nbsp;watt) was shown. Rossi continued his research later in Italy. The American Department of Defence showed interest, had the company CTC (in Johnstown, PA) test several devices of LIT and released a test protocol<ref>http://dodfuelcell.cecer.army.mil/library_items/Thermo(2004).pdf</ref>. The modules did not prove to be very reliable. Out of 27&nbsp;devices just eight worked at all. Instead of the claimed 800&nbsp;to 1000&nbsp;watt they had just produced 1&nbsp; Watt of power Further problems were thermal expansion and contact issues. Other modules sent later did not produce more power than a normal commercially available device.

Leonardo Technologies Inc. (LTI) is another company registered in USA co-founded by Rossi<ref>LEONARDO TECHNOLOGIES, INC., 116 S River RD, BEDFORD, NH 031106734</ref>. But he sold it at the end of the 1990s. LTI in Manchester(NH/USA) tried to develop thermoelectric modules with wondrous degrees of efficiency. Such elements work due to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect thermoelectric effect] (see also [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_cooling Thermoelectric cooling] enabling them to convert temperature differences to electrical voltage. Voltage is very low but through serial circuits higher voltage can be achieved. Efficiency is known to be very low. It lies between 2 and 4 percent and useful applications are limited to special needs ("Plutonium cells", satellite supply without sun collectors). Such converters would be only of commercial interest if efficiencies beyond 15% were achieved. LIT claimed to have realized thermoelectric modules (TE-device) with 20% efficiency. It was also claimed that they could build big converters with a capacity of several kilowatts. A collaboration with the university of New Hampshire was agreed upon. A device with 1&nbsp;A and 100&nbsp;volt (100&nbsp;watt) was shown. Rossi continued his research later in Italy. The American Department of Defence showed interest, had the company CTC (in Johnstown, PA) test several devices of LIT and released a test protocol<ref>http://dodfuelcell.cecer.army.mil/library_items/Thermo(2004).pdf</ref>. The modules did not prove to be very reliable. Out of 27&nbsp;devices just eight worked at all. Instead of the claimed 800&nbsp;to 1000&nbsp;watt they had just produced 1&nbsp; Watt of power Further problems were thermal expansion and contact issues. Other modules sent later did not produce more power than a normal commercially available device.

 

==Defkalion Green Technologies==

==Defkalion Green Technologies==

[[image:defkalion_logo.jpg|left|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion_logo.jpg|left|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion4.jpg|Defkalion leaders|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion4.jpg|Defkalion Management|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion2.jpg|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion2.jpg|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion3.jpg|thumb]]

[[image:defkalion3.jpg|thumb]]

There is a small company in Athens named "Defkalion Energy" resp. "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A."<ref>http://www.defkalion-energy.com/</ref><ref>http://newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/RossiECat/docs/DefkalionBoardRegistration.pdf</ref>, owned by several investors, which will produce some of the energy catalyzers according to Rossi. The owners of Defkalion are unknown, but are mostly from Greece and near-east countries according to Defkalion. Known members of Defkalion Green Technologies management are:

There is a small startup company in Athens named "Defkalion Energy" resp. "Defkalion Green Technologies S.A."<ref>http://www.defkalion-energy.com/</ref><ref>http://newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/RossiECat/docs/DefkalionBoardRegistration.pdf</ref>, owned by several investors, which will, according to Rossi, produce some of the energy catalyzers. The owners of Defkalion are unknown, but are mostly from Greece and near-east countries according to Defkalion. President of Defkalion is a George Sortikos, one of the vice presidents is Christos Stremmenos (born 1932, former professor at Bologna University and  former ambassador of Greece in Italy).<ref>The following people are known from the management of Green Technologies:<br>

 

*Sortikos George (born 1942) president. (Architect and previous president of "Ω Βank" and owner of the company Oxymachon)

*Sortikos George (born 1942), president. (Architect and previous president of "Ω Βank" and owner of the company Oxymachon)

*Alexandros Xanthoulis (born 1954), vice president. Xanthoulis also represents the Cypriot PRAXEN L.T.D.

*Alexandros Xanthoulis (born 1954), vice president. Xanthoulis also represents the Cypriot PRAXEN L.T.D.

*Christos Stremmenos (born 1932), vice president (former professor at Bologna University and  former ambassador of Greece in Italy)

*Christos Stremmenos (born 1932), vice president (former professor at Bologna University and  former ambassador of Greece in Italy)

*Muafak Sauachni (born 1961), Israeli physician

*Muafak Sauachni (born 1961), Israeli physician

*Andreas Drugas (born 1945), corporate consultant

*Andreas Drugas (born 1945), corporate consultant

*Symeon Tsalikoglou, spokesman

*Symeon Tsalikoglou, spokesman</ref>

While the website of EON&nbsp;Srl has been "under construction" for months now, the page of Defkalion meanwhile offers a contact address in Athens.<ref>Defkalion Green Technologies S.A., Temporary Head Quarters - Mesogeion Avenue&nbsp;2-4, Athens Tower, 18th&nbsp;Floor, GR-11527&nbsp;Athens, Tel: +30&nbsp;210&nbsp;7770602, Fax: +30&nbsp;210&nbsp;7770608. Email: info@defkalion-energy.com</ref> Domain registrant is an Andreas Meintanis from GR-19200&nbsp;Elefsina.

While the website of EON&nbsp;Srl has been "under construction" for months now, the page of Defkalion meanwhile offers a contact address in Athens.<ref>Defkalion Green Technologies S.A., Temporary Head Quarters - Mesogeion Avenue&nbsp;2-4, Athens Tower, 18th&nbsp;Floor, GR-11527&nbsp;Athens, Tel: +30&nbsp;210&nbsp;7770602, Fax: +30&nbsp;210&nbsp;7770608. Email: info@defkalion-energy.com</ref> Domain registrant is an Andreas Meintanis from GR-19200&nbsp;Elefsina.

The businessmodel of Defkalion allows long-time leasing of "ECat" devices to private clients. A 10&nbsp;kW-facility is said to cost 1.300&nbsp;Euro per year, including operational costs and "fuel replacement", handled by the manufacturer through replacing the device.

The businessmodel of Defkalion allows long-time leasing of "ECat" devices to private clients. A 10&nbsp;kW-facility is said to cost 1.300&nbsp;Euro per year, including operational costs and "fuel replacement", handled by the manufacturer through replacing the device.

==AmpEnergo==

==Funding and Cooperation with Bologna University==

[[image:Coldstream_Park_Office_Park.jpg|Coldstream Park Office Park (picture: NAI Norwood Group, Bedford NH)|thumb]]

Rossi declares to have spent 500,000&nbsp;Euro on experiments with more than 1,000&nbsp;E-cat reactors, financed e.g. with earnings from his previous company Petroldragon which supplied him with revenues of as much as one million Euro. Rossi had declared on April 18, 2011 in an interview in Italian television that he had not received any pre-delivery payments or payments at all from a customer. Rossi only meant to earn revenue or license fees when sales commenced. Alas, it became known in May 2011 that he had already concluded a contract with the company AmpEnergo and payments were made.  

The US-american startup company AmpEnergo Inc. was founded in april 2009 and is located today in Bedford, New Hampshire.<ref>AmpenErgo Inc, 116-G South River Road, Bedford NH 03110</ref><ref>President: Karl Norwood, founders and main shareholders: Karl Norwood (NAI Norwood Group, Inc.), Richard Noceti (LTI-global.com), Robert Gentile and Craig Cassarino. Minority shareholder: Ronald Engleman</ref> (Web: [http://ampenergo.com/]). President of AmpEnergo is the real estate broker Karl Norwood in Bedford. In march 2011, AmpEnergo has signed an agreement with Leonardo Corp. (Andrea Rossi) to commercialize his E-Cat technology. While the Leonardo Corp. of Rossi should produce the Ecat, AmEnergo should sell E-Cat licenses and products (power plants), and in return will receive a portion of the royalties. According to swedisch journal Nyteknik, Rossi recieved already money from AmpEnergo.<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3179019.ece</ref> According to the same source, the company is seeking investors.

 

AmpEnergo is located in a "Coldstream Park Office Park" in Bedford. The address is identic to the address of a real estate company named "NAI Norwood Group" and a "Norwood Management Karl Norwood Inc." of broker Karl Norwood.<ref>NORWOOD MANAGEMENT KARL NORWOOD INC, 116 S RIVER RD UNIT A, Bedford, New Hampshire 03110</ref><ref>NAI Norwood Group, Inc., 116 South River Road, Bedford NH 03110</ref>, and the companies "Leonardo Corp." (A. Rossi) and "Leonardo Technologies Inc."<ref>LEONARDO TECHNOLOGIES, INC., 116 S River RD, BEDFORD, NH 031106734</ref>. Phone numbers of all the companies above and of EON are also the same ( (603) 668 7000).<br>

Rossi allegedly agreed a cooperation with Bologna University. It is said that its Faculty of Physics received Euro&nbsp;500,000 from Rossi in order to support development. According to other sources it received even 1 million Euro. Physicist Giuseppe Levi is said to be heading these activities.<ref>''[...] Rossi is now paying the remaining 500,000&nbsp;Euros to the Physics Department of Bologna University, following a new agreement under which the university will help Rossi with the continued development of the reactor and studies of its physical phenomena.<br>According to the agreement, the work is led by the physicist Giuseppe Levi, who was the main observer when the "energy catalyzer" was demonstrated to invited scientists and media in Bologna in January 2011. Giuseppe Levi also carried out a longer test of the reactor in February, lasting 18&nbsp;hours.''</ref> Rossi means to donate part of the revenue for children suffering from cancer:

Rossi declares to have spent 500,000&nbsp;Euro on experiments with more than 1,000&nbsp;E-cat reactors, financed e.g. with earnings from his previous company Petroldragon which supplied him with revenues of as much as one million Euro. According to Rossi, no customer made any advance payments, Rossi only means to earn revenue or license fees when sales commenced. Rossi allegedly agreed a cooperation with Bologna University. It is said that its Faculty of Physics received Euro&nbsp;500,000 from Rossi in order to support development. According to other sources it received even 1 million Euro. Physicist Giuseppe Levi is said to be heading these activities.<ref>''[...] Rossi is now paying the remaining 500,000&nbsp;Euros to the Physics Department of Bologna University, following a new agreement under which the university will help Rossi with the continued development of the reactor and studies of its physical phenomena.<br>According to the agreement, the work is led by the physicist Giuseppe Levi, who was the main observer when the "energy catalyzer" was demonstrated to invited scientists and media in Bologna in January 2011. Giuseppe Levi also carried out a longer test of the reactor in February, lasting 18&nbsp;hours.''</ref> Rossi means to donate part of the revenue for children suffering from cancer:

:''The 500,000&nbsp;Euros I am paying to the University of Bologna is my last money, but when I deliver the one-megawatt plant to Defkalion I get cash back. From then on, 50% will be used for expansion and 50% to treat children with cancer. I will personally look for the children whose families cannot afford their care [...]''<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3122915.ece</ref>

:''The 500,000&nbsp;Euros I am paying to the University of Bologna is my last money, but when I deliver the one-megawatt plant to Defkalion I get cash back. From then on, 50% will be used for expansion and 50% to treat children with cancer. I will personally look for the children whose families cannot afford their care [...]''<ref>http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3122915.ece</ref>

Inventor: Andrea Rossi</ref>

Inventor: Andrea Rossi</ref>

*WO0229908 THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS (patent withdrawn). published on 03.03.2004. Applicant(s) Leonardo Technologies, Inc., 116 South River Road, Bedford, NH 03110 / US. Inventor(s)   ROSSI, Andrea, c/o Leonardi Technologies, Inc.<ref>https://register.epo.org/espacenet/application?number=EP01986372</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents?id=AJSSAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>

*WO0229908 THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS (patent withdrawn). published on 03.03.2004. Applicant(s) Leonardo Technologies, Inc., 116 South River Road, Bedford, NH 03110 / US. Inventor(s)   ROSSI, Andrea, c/o Leonardi Technologies, Inc.<ref>https://register.epo.org/espacenet/application?number=EP01986372</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents?id=AJSSAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>

==Reception, media coverage and criticism==

==Reception, media coverage and criticism==

*[http://www3.lastampa.it/fileadmin/media/settimanali/tuttoscienze/PDF/5.pdf Luigi Grassia: ''Misteri - serie di test a Bologna''. La Stampa, 11.5.2011 (Italian)]  

*[http://www3.lastampa.it/fileadmin/media/settimanali/tuttoscienze/PDF/5.pdf Luigi Grassia: ''Misteri - serie di test a Bologna''. La Stampa, 11.5.2011 (Italian)]  

*[http://www.iltempo.it/2011/05/10/1256276-energia_gratis_parla_italiano.shtml?refresh_ce Antonio Angeli: ''L'energia gratis parla italiano - Il sogno del «generatore magico» sembra realizzato. L'ha inventato un bolognese'', Il Tempo, May 10, 2011 (Italian)]

*[http://www.iltempo.it/2011/05/10/1256276-energia_gratis_parla_italiano.shtml?refresh_ce Antonio Angeli: ''L'energia gratis parla italiano - Il sogno del «generatore magico» sembra realizzato. L'ha inventato un bolognese'', Il Tempo, May 10, 2011 (Italian)]

*Ilaria Venturi: ''Fusione nucleare a freddo - "A Bologna ci siamo riusciti"'', article in "La Repubblica" (local section Bologna) on January 14, 2011. [http://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2011/01/14/news/fusione_nucleare_a_freddo_a_bologna_ci_siamo_riusciti-11237521/]

*Ilaria Venturi: ''Fusione nucleare a freddo - "A Bologna ci siamo riusciti", article in "La Repubblica" (local section Bologna) vom January 14, 2011. [http://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2011/01/14/news/fusione_nucleare_a_freddo_a_bologna_ci_siamo_riusciti-11237521/]

*[http://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/bologna/cronaca/2011/01/13/441795-realizzato_fusione_fredda.shtml MARCO PIVATO: ''"Ho realizzato la fusione fredda" - Annuncio choc del fisico Focardi''. Article in "Il Resto del Carlino" (local section Bologna) on January 13, 2011]

*[http://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/bologna/cronaca/2011/01/13/441795-realizzato_fusione_fredda.shtml MARCO PIVATO: ''"Ho realizzato la fusione fredda" - Annuncio choc del fisico Focardi''. Article in "Il Resto del Carlino" (local section Bologna) on January 13, 2011]

*[http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-italian-scientists-cold-fusion-video.html Lisa Zyga: ''Italian scientists claim to have demonstrated cold fusion'', physorg, January 20, 2011]

*[http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-01-italian-scientists-cold-fusion-video.html Lisa Zyga: ''Italian scientists claim to have demonstrated cold fusion'', physorg, January 20, 2011]

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzL3RIlcwbY at Rainews on 5.5.2011 (English)]

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzL3RIlcwbY at Rainews on 5.5.2011 (English)]

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5uChrjknJA Report in Greek television] (Greek/English)

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5uChrjknJA Report in Greek television] (Greek/English)

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-0WvK2b7dU] (Demonstration Bologna January 1, 2011)

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-0WvK2b7dU] (Demonstration Bologna January 1, 2011)

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE] (Demonstration Bologna January 2, 2011)

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-Ru1eAymvE] (Demonstration Bologna January 2, 2011)

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmHZrhTQhUc] (Demonstration Bologna January 3, 2011)

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmHZrhTQhUc] (Demonstration Bologna January 3, 2011)