Änderungen

Die Tatsache, dass die ersten Fälle von AIDS in den USA hauptsächlich bei homosexuellen Männern auftraten, führten zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass der homosexuelle Lebensstil etwas mit der Erkrankung zu tun habe <ref>Goedert JJ, Kessler CM, Aledort LM, Biggar RJ: A prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and the development of AIDS in subjects with hemophilia. N Engl J Med, 321, 1141-1148</ref><ref>Hurtenbach U, Shearer GM: Germ cell-induced immune suppression in mice. Effect of inoculation of syngeneic spermatazoa on cell-mediated immune responses. J Exp Med 155, 1719-1729, 1982 </ref><ref>Sonnabend J, Witkin SS, Purtilo DT: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, opportunistic infections, and malignancies in male homosexuals. A hypothesis of etiologic factors in pathogenesis. JAMA, 249, 2370-2374, 1983 </ref> Durack 1981,<ref>Mavligit GM, Talpaz M, Hsia FT, Wong W: Chronic immune stimulation by sperm alloantigens: support for the hypothesis that spermatozoa induce immune dysregulation in homosexual males. JAMA, 251, 237-241, 1984 </ref>.

Die Tatsache, dass die ersten Fälle von AIDS in den USA hauptsächlich bei homosexuellen Männern auftraten, führten zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass der homosexuelle Lebensstil etwas mit der Erkrankung zu tun habe <ref>Goedert JJ, Kessler CM, Aledort LM, Biggar RJ: A prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and the development of AIDS in subjects with hemophilia. N Engl J Med, 321, 1141-1148</ref><ref>Hurtenbach U, Shearer GM: Germ cell-induced immune suppression in mice. Effect of inoculation of syngeneic spermatazoa on cell-mediated immune responses. J Exp Med 155, 1719-1729, 1982 </ref><ref>Sonnabend J, Witkin SS, Purtilo DT: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, opportunistic infections, and malignancies in male homosexuals. A hypothesis of etiologic factors in pathogenesis. JAMA, 249, 2370-2374, 1983 </ref> Durack 1981,<ref>Mavligit GM, Talpaz M, Hsia FT, Wong W: Chronic immune stimulation by sperm alloantigens: support for the hypothesis that spermatozoa induce immune dysregulation in homosexual males. JAMA, 251, 237-241, 1984 </ref>.

Diese frühen Überlegungen, AIDS habe etwas mit einem speziellen Verhalten der Homosexuellen zu tun, musste aufgegeben werden, als AIDS in deutlich unterschiedlichen Bevölkerungsgruppen in den USA auftrat: bei männlichen und weiblichen injizierenden Drogenabhängigen, bei Patienten mit Hämophilie und nach Bluttransfusionen, bei weiblichen Sexualpartnern bisexueller Männer und bei Kindern von Müttern mit AIDS <ref>CDC: Persistent, generalized lymphadenopathy among homosexual males. MMWR, 31, 249-252, 1982a</ref><ref>CDC: task force on Kaposi's sarcoma and opportunistic infections. N Engl J Med, 306, 248-252, 1982b</ref><ref>CDC. Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) - United States. MMWR, 31, 507-514, 1982c</ref><ref>CDC. Pneumocytsis carinii pneumonia among persons with hemophilia A. MMWR, 31, 365-367, 1982d </ref><ref>CDC. Immunodeficiency among female sex partners of males with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - New York. MMWR, 31, 697-698, 1983a </ref><ref>Poon MC, Landay A, Prasthofer EF, Stagno S: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in a previously healthy patient with classic hemophilia. Clinical, immunologic, and virologic findings. Ann Intern Med, 1983, 98, 287-290, 1983 </ref><ref>Elliott JL, Hoppes WL, Platt MS, Thomas JG, et al. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare bacteremia in a patient with hemophilia. Ann Intern Med, 98, 290-293, 1983 </ref><ref>Masur H: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare: another scourge for individuals with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. JAMA 248, 3013, 1982a </ref><ref>Davis KC, Horsburgh CR Jr, Hasiba U, Schocket AL, Kirkpatrick CH. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a patient with hemophilia. Ann Intern Med, 98, 284-286, 1983 </ref><ref>Harris C, Small CB, Klein RS, Friedland GH: Immunodeficiency in female sexual partners of men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med, 308, 1181-1184, 1983 </ref><ref>Rubinstein A, Sicklick M, Gupta A, Bernstein L: Acquired immunodeficiency with reversed T4/T8 ratios in infants born to promiscuous and drug-addicted mothers. JAMA. 249, 2350-2356, 1983 </ref><ref><ref>Oleske J, Minnefor A, Cooper R Jr, Thomas K: Immune deficiency syndrome in children. JAMA, 249, 2345-2349 1983 </ref><ref><ref>Ammann AJ, Cowan MJ, Wara DW, Weintrub P: Acquired immunodeficiency in an infant: possible transmission by means of blood products. Lancet, I, 956-958, 1983b </ref>.

Diese frühen Überlegungen, AIDS habe etwas mit einem speziellen Verhalten der Homosexuellen zu tun, musste aufgegeben werden, als AIDS in deutlich unterschiedlichen Bevölkerungsgruppen in den USA auftrat: bei männlichen und weiblichen injizierenden Drogenabhängigen, bei Patienten mit Hämophilie und nach Bluttransfusionen, bei weiblichen Sexualpartnern bisexueller Männer und bei Kindern von Müttern mit AIDS <ref>CDC: Persistent, generalized lymphadenopathy among homosexual males. MMWR, 31, 249-252, 1982a</ref><ref>CDC: task force on Kaposi's sarcoma and opportunistic infections. N Engl J Med, 306, 248-252, 1982b</ref><ref>CDC. Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) - United States. MMWR, 31, 507-514, 1982c</ref><ref>CDC. Pneumocytsis carinii pneumonia among persons with hemophilia A. MMWR, 31, 365-367, 1982d </ref><ref>CDC. Immunodeficiency among female sex partners of males with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - New York. MMWR, 31, 697-698, 1983a </ref><ref>Poon MC, Landay A, Prasthofer EF, Stagno S: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in a previously healthy patient with classic hemophilia. Clinical, immunologic, and virologic findings. Ann Intern Med, 1983, 98, 287-290, 1983 </ref><ref>Elliott JL, Hoppes WL, Platt MS, Thomas JG, et al. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare bacteremia in a patient with hemophilia. Ann Intern Med, 98, 290-293, 1983 </ref><ref>Masur H: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare: another scourge for individuals with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. JAMA 248, 3013, 1982a </ref><ref>Davis KC, Horsburgh CR Jr, Hasiba U, Schocket AL, Kirkpatrick CH. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a patient with hemophilia. Ann Intern Med, 98, 284-286, 1983 </ref><ref>Harris C, Small CB, Klein RS, Friedland GH: Immunodeficiency in female sexual partners of men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med, 308, 1181-1184, 1983 </ref><ref>Rubinstein A, Sicklick M, Gupta A, Bernstein L: Acquired immunodeficiency with reversed T4/T8 ratios in infants born to promiscuous and drug-addicted mothers. JAMA. 249, 2350-2356, 1983 </ref><ref>Oleske J, Minnefor A, Cooper R Jr, Thomas K: Immune deficiency syndrome in children. JAMA, 249, 2345-2349 1983 </ref><ref><ref>Ammann AJ, Cowan MJ, Wara DW, Weintrub P: Acquired immunodeficiency in an infant: possible transmission by means of blood products. Lancet, I, 956-958, 1983b </ref>.

Beispielsweise fand eine Studie heraus, dass Patienten mit Hämophilie ohne einen einzigen der vermuteten Gründe für AIDS bei Homosexuellen in der Vorgeschichte an AIDS erkrankt waren, und dass einige dieser Patienten die Infektion offensichtlich an ihre Ehefrauen weitergegeben hatten <ref>deShazo RD, Andes WA, Nordberg J, Newton J: An immunologic evaluation of hemophiliac patients and their wives. Relationships to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med, 99, 159-164, 1983 </ref>.

Beispielsweise fand eine Studie heraus, dass Patienten mit Hämophilie ohne einen einzigen der vermuteten Gründe für AIDS bei Homosexuellen in der Vorgeschichte an AIDS erkrankt waren, und dass einige dieser Patienten die Infektion offensichtlich an ihre Ehefrauen weitergegeben hatten <ref>deShazo RD, Andes WA, Nordberg J, Newton J: An immunologic evaluation of hemophiliac patients and their wives. Relationships to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med, 99, 159-164, 1983 </ref>.